{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:52:37Z","timestamp":1760230357173,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Spanish Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DPI2017-83952-C3","PID2021-00X128525-IV0","PID2021-123804OB-I00","SBPLY\/17\/180501\/000411","AICO\/2021\/286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPI2017-83952-C3","PID2021-00X128525-IV0","PID2021-123804OB-I00","SBPLY\/17\/180501\/000411","AICO\/2021\/286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011698","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DPI2017-83952-C3","PID2021-00X128525-IV0","PID2021-123804OB-I00","SBPLY\/17\/180501\/000411","AICO\/2021\/286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPI2017-83952-C3","PID2021-00X128525-IV0","PID2021-123804OB-I00","SBPLY\/17\/180501\/000411","AICO\/2021\/286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011698","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Local activation waves (LAWs) detection in complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) during catheter ablation (CA) of atrial fibrillation (AF), the commonest cardiac arrhythmia, is a complicated task due to their extreme variability and heterogeneity in amplitude and morphology. There are few published works on reliable LAWs detectors, which are efficient for regular or low fractionated bipolar electrograms (EGMs) but lack satisfactory results when CFAEs are analyzed. The aim of the present work is the development of a novel optimized method for LAWs detection in CFAEs in order to assist cardiac mapping and catheter ablation (CA) guidance. The database consists of 119 bipolar EGMs classified by AF types according to Wells\u2019 classification. The proposed method introduces an alternative Botteron\u2019s preprocessing technique targeting the slow and small-ampitude activations. The lower band-pass filter cut-off frequency is modified to 20 Hz, and a hyperbolic tangent function is applied over CFAEs. Detection is firstly performed through an amplitude-based threshold and an escalating cycle-length (CL) analysis. Activation time is calculated at each LAW\u2019s barycenter. Analysis is applied in five-second overlapping segments. LAWs were manually annotated by two experts and compared with algorithm-annotated LAWs. AF types I and II showed 100% accuracy and sensitivity. AF type III showed 92.77% accuracy and 95.30% sensitivity. The results of this study highlight the efficiency of the developed method in precisely detecting LAWs in CFAEs. Hence, it could be implemented on real-time mapping devices and used during CA, providing robust detection results regardless of the fractionation degree of the analyzed recordings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T00:19:21Z","timestamp":1658189961000},"page":"5345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["An Efficient Hybrid Methodology for Local Activation Waves Detection under Complex Fractionated Atrial Electrograms of Atrial Fibrillation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9220-8970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Osorio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMIT.org, Electronic Engineering Department, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5984-904X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Vraka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMIT.org, Electronic Engineering Department, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4709-1993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurelio","family":"Quesada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arrhythmia Unit, Cardiology Department, General University Hospital Consortium of Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7560-2781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Hornero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0942-3638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Alcaraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Electronic, Biomedical and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 16071 Cuenca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3364-6380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 J.","family":"Rieta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMIT.org, Electronic Engineering Department, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa612","article-title":"2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC","volume":"42","author":"Hindricks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. 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