{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T18:53:50Z","timestamp":1780512830644,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]],"date-time":"2022-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82001918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82001918"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LQ19E050011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ19E050011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018GZ39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018GZ39"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82001918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82001918"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LQ19E050011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ19E050011"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2018GZ39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018GZ39"]}]},{"name":"Huzhou Public Welfare Research Project Social Development (Key Medical and Health) Category","award":["82001918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82001918"]}]},{"name":"Huzhou Public Welfare Research Project Social Development (Key Medical and Health) Category","award":["LQ19E050011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ19E050011"]}]},{"name":"Huzhou Public Welfare Research Project Social Development (Key Medical and Health) Category","award":["2018GZ39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018GZ39"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although increasing evidences support the notion that psychiatric disorders are associated with abnormal communication between brain regions, scattered studies have investigated brain electrophysiological disconnectivity of patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). To this end, this study intends to develop an analysis framework for automatic GAD detection through incorporating multidimensional EEG feature extraction and machine learning techniques. Specifically, resting-state EEG signals with a duration of 10 min were obtained from 45 patients with GAD and 36 healthy controls (HC). Then, an analysis framework of multidimensional EEG characteristics (including univariate power spectral density (PSD) and fuzzy entropy (FE), and multivariate functional connectivity (FC), which can decode the EEG information from three different dimensions) were introduced for extracting aberrated multidimensional EEG features via statistical inter-group comparisons. These aberrated features were subsequently fused and fed into three previously validated machine learning methods to evaluate classification performance for automatic patient detection. We showed that patients exhibited a significant increase in beta rhythm and decrease in alpha1 rhythm of PSD, together with the reduced long-range FC between frontal and other brain areas in all frequency bands. Moreover, these aberrated features contributed to a very good classification performance with 97.83 \u00b1 0.40% of accuracy, 97.55 \u00b1 0.31% of sensitivity, 97.78 \u00b1 0.36% of specificity, and 97.95 \u00b1 0.17% of F1. These findings corroborate previous hypothesis of disconnectivity in psychiatric disorders and further shed light on distribution patterns of aberrant spatio-spectral EEG characteristics, which may lead to potential application of automatic diagnosis of GAD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T03:34:40Z","timestamp":1658374480000},"page":"5420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Aberrated Multidimensional EEG Characteristics in Patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Machine-Learning Based Analysis Framework"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Zhongxia","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"Sleep Medical Center, Huzhou Third Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1957-471X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematical Medicine, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321017, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education of China, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematical Medicine, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321017, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyang","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematical Medicine, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321017, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematical Medicine, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321017, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education of China, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinhua","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Medical Center, Huzhou Third Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69865-6","article-title":"Generalised anxiety disorder","volume":"368","author":"Tyrer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2013.06.006","article-title":"Neuropsychological functioning in young subjects with generalized anxiety disorder with and without pharmacotherapy","volume":"45","author":"Tempesta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. 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