{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T13:48:14Z","timestamp":1761745694777,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2022R137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2022R137"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Modulation awareness and cooperative transmissions have individually received a significant amount of research in the scholarly literature. However, a limited number of works are principally concerned with the combination of the two topics, and they are restricted to frequency-flat wireless channels. In this study, we propose a new modulation awareness method applicable to dual-hop amplify-and-forward cooperative broadcasts. The suggested method is built on the creation of theoretical representations of cross-correlation functions of the received signals. We conceptually prove that a family of modulation types generates spikes for certain cross-correlation functions, while others do not. We create a numerous layer hypothesis evaluation for the purpose of making judgments centered on this attribute. The suggested method has a number of benefits, such as the ability to operate on both frequency-flat and frequency-selective channels, as well as the absence of the necessity of channel awareness or noise power. Computer simulations analyze the performance of the proposed method, which delivers adequate awareness performance in a variety of operational scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T22:38:50Z","timestamp":1658443130000},"page":"5441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Modulation Awareness Method for Dual-Hop Cooperative Transmissions over Frequency-Selective Channels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2105-7239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Marey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Systems Engineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7388-8990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hala","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6738","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3159254","article-title":"MIMO-OFDM Modulation Classification Using Three-Dimensional Convolutional Network","volume":"71","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2021.3137519","article-title":"Evolutionary Optimization of Residual Neural Network Architectures for Modulation Classification","volume":"8","author":"Perenda","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cogn. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2021.3126821","article-title":"A Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Automatic Modulation Classification","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"3514510","article-title":"An Adaptive Demodulation Band Segmentation Method to Optimize Spectral Boundary and Its Application for Wheelset-Bearing Fault Detection","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45053","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3167442","article-title":"Efficient Channel Prediction Technique Using AMC and Deep Learning Algorithm for 5G (NR) mMTC Devices","volume":"10","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2021.3132947","article-title":"Massive MIMO Adaptive Modulation and Coding Using Online Deep Learning Algorithm","volume":"26","author":"Bobrov","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2021.3054590","article-title":"Turbo Modulation Identification Algorithm for OFDM Software-Defined Radios","volume":"25","author":"Marey","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2021.3056453","article-title":"Code-Aided Modulation Classification Algorithm for Multiuser Uplink SC-FDMA Systems","volume":"10","author":"Marey","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2020.3042384","article-title":"Soft-Information Assisted Modulation Recognition for Reconfigurable Radios","volume":"10","author":"Marey","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2021.3100813","article-title":"Blind Modulation Identification Algorithm For Two-Path Successive Relaying Systems","volume":"10","author":"Marey","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4742","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2019.2955535","article-title":"A Modulation Classification Algorithm for Multipath Signals Based on Cepstrum","volume":"69","author":"Xing","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5281","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2981935","article-title":"Blind Modulation Classification for Asynchronous OFDM Systems Over Unknown Signal Parameters and Channel Statistics","volume":"69","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2019.2947043","article-title":"Probabilities of False Alarm and Detection for the First-Order Cyclostationarity Test: Application to Modulation Classification","volume":"24","author":"Serbes","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138512","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2943300","article-title":"Automatic Modulation Classification Architectures Based on Cyclostationary Features in Impulsive Environments","volume":"7","author":"Lima","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2022.3163842","article-title":"Security Optimization for an AF MIMO Two-Way Relay-Assisted Cognitive Radio Nonorthogonal Multiple Access Networks with SWIPT","volume":"17","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2022.3145031","article-title":"Beamforming Design for IRS-Aided Decode-and-Forward Relay Wireless Network","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Green Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9730","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3143165","article-title":"Energy Efficiency of Full- and Half-Duplex Decode-and-Forward Relay Channels","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Z., Niu, H., An, K., Wang, Y., Zheng, G., Chatzinotas, S., and Hu, Y. (IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., 2022). Refracting RIS Aided Hybrid Satellite-Terrestrial Relay Networks: Joint Beamforming Design and Optimization, IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., early access.","key":"ref_18","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2022.3155711"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4720","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2009.081249","article-title":"AF Two-Path Half Duplex Relaying with Inter-Relay Self Interference Cancellation: Diversity Analysis and its Improvement","volume":"8","author":"Wicaksana","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2010.2090676","article-title":"Full Interference Cancellation for Two-Path Relay Cooperative Networks","volume":"60","author":"Luo","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2019.2901878","article-title":"Iterative Channel Estimation Algorithm For Downlink MC-CDMA Systems With Two-Path Successive Relaying Transmission","volume":"23","author":"Marey","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2013.0206","article-title":"Simplified Maximum-likelihood Detectors for Full-rate Alternate-relaying Cooperative Systems","volume":"7","author":"Mostafa","year":"2013","journal-title":"IET Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-1499-2013-236","article-title":"Decoding Techniques for Alternate-Relaying Cooperative Systems","volume":"2013","author":"Mostafa","year":"2013","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3802","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2438113","article-title":"Data Detection Algorithms for BICM Alternate-Relaying Cooperative Systems with Multiple-Antenna Destination","volume":"65","author":"Marey","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2021.3090938","article-title":"Iterative Modulation Classification Algorithm for Two-Path Successive Relaying Systems","volume":"10","author":"Marey","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1700323","article-title":"Adaptive Communication Protocols in Flying Ad Hoc Network","volume":"56","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Peng, Z., and Xiao, B. (2016, January 20\u201321). Smartphone-assisted Smooth Live Video Broadcast on Wearable Cameras. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE\/ACM 24th International Symposium on Quality of Service (IWQoS), Beijing, China.","key":"ref_27","DOI":"10.1109\/IWQoS.2016.7590439"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3393","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2019.2904543","article-title":"A Distributed Swarm Optimizer With Adaptive Communication for Large-Scale Optimization","volume":"50","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, S., Peng, Z., Xiao, B., Xiao, Q., and Song, Y. (2017, January 14\u201316). SCoP: Smartphone Energy Saving by Merging Push Services in Fog Computing. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE\/ACM 25th International Symposium on Quality of Service (IWQoS), Vilanova i la Geltru, Spain.","key":"ref_29","DOI":"10.1109\/IWQoS.2017.7969114"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marey, M., and Steendam, H. (2006, January 7\u201310). The Effect of Narrowband Interference on Frequency Ambiguity Resolution for OFDM. Proceedings of the IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, Melbourne, Australia.","key":"ref_30","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCF.2006.342"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marey, M., Dobre, O.A., and Inkol, R. (2012, January 10\u201315). Cyclostationarity-Based Blind Classification of STBCs for Cognitive Radio Systems. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications, Ottawa, ON, Canada.","key":"ref_31","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2012.6363735"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21336","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3152191","article-title":"STBC Identification for Multi-User Uplink SC-FDMA Asynchronous Transmissions Exploiting Iterative Soft Information Feedback of Error Correcting Codes","volume":"10","author":"Marey","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35643","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3161618","article-title":"Power of Error Correcting Codes for SFBC-OFDM Classification Over Unknown Channels","volume":"10","author":"Marey","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bedeer, E., Marey, M., Dobre, O., and Baddour, K. (2012, January 25\u201328). Adaptive Bit Allocation for OFDM Cognitive Radio Systems with Imperfect Channel Estimation. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium, San Francisco, CA, USA.","key":"ref_34","DOI":"10.1109\/RWS.2012.6175359"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/14\/5441\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:55:25Z","timestamp":1760140525000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/14\/5441"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s22145441"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22145441","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]}}}