{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:35:01Z","timestamp":1780472101031,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Seoul National University of Science and Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A digital twin is a virtual model of a process, product, or service, which is one of the key technologies in the fourth industry. The pairing of the virtual and physical world allows analysis of data and monitoring of systems to head off problems before they occur. This paper presents a digital twin architecture and a system based on an interoperable data model. It explains how to build a digital twin for the integrated control monitoring using edge devices, data analytics, and realistic 3D visualization. The system allows continuous collaboration between field engineers for data gathering, designers for modeling 3D models, and layout engineers for layout changing by generating 3D digital twin models automatically. The system helps stakeholders focus on their respective roles to build digital twins. Examples applied to the Korean automotive parts makers are also introduced in this paper. The system can be easily used by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) as well as large companies. Beyond simply watching the production site with CCTV, the production site can be intuitively managed based on the digital twin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T22:38:50Z","timestamp":1658443130000},"page":"5450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Digital Twin-Based Integrated Monitoring System: Korean Application Cases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sangsu","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Research Center, IGI Korea, Seoul 08376, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jungyub","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Research Center, IGI Korea, Seoul 08376, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IT Converged Process R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ansan-si 15588, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju Yeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical System Design Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s40684-016-0015-5","article-title":"Smart manufacturing: Past research, present findings, and future directions","volume":"3","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf.-Green Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1504\/IJCAT.2017.086018","article-title":"Cyber-physical systems: A case study of development for manufacturing industry","volume":"55","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moiceanu, G., and Paraschiv, G. (2022). Digital Twin and Smart Manufacturing in Industries: A Bibliometric Analysis with a Focus on Industry 4.0. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041388"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2873186","article-title":"Digital twin in industry: State-of-the-art","volume":"15","author":"Tao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.7315\/CDE.2021.059","article-title":"A Survey and Analysis of Research on Digital Twin in Korea","volume":"26","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J. Comput. Des. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mfglet.2014.12.001","article-title":"A cyber-physical systems architecture for industry 4.0-based manufacturing systems","volume":"3","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Manuf. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2657006","article-title":"C2PS: A digital twin architecture reference model for the cloud-based cyber-physical systems","volume":"5","author":"Alam","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redelinghuys, A., Basson, A., and Kruger, K. (2018). A six-layer digital twin architecture for a manufacturing cell. International Workshop on Service Orientation in Holonic and Multi-Agent Manufacturing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-03003-2_32"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-018-0911-3","article-title":"An application framework of digital twin and its case study","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2019.1607978","article-title":"Knowledge-driven digital twin manufacturing cell towards intelligent manufacturing","volume":"58","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1504\/IJCAT.2018.094567","article-title":"Towards development of cyber-physical systems based on integration of heterogeneous technologies","volume":"58","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2019.04.006","article-title":"A cyber-physical machine tools platform using OPC UA and MTConnect","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"16","article-title":"The Industry 4.0 revolution and the future of Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES)","volume":"3","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Innov. Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2018.05.050","article-title":"Deep learning and its applications to machine health monitoring","volume":"115","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Processing"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Bottani, E., Cammardella, A., Murino, T., and Vespoli, S. (2017). From the Cyber-Physical System to the Digital Twin: The Process Development for Behaviour Modelling of a Cyber Guided Vehicle in M2M Logic, XXII Summer School Francesco Turco Industrial Systems Engineering."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.11.077","article-title":"Simulation-based Production Planning and Execution Control for Reconfigurable Assembly Cells","volume":"57","author":"Gyulai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2020.04.008","article-title":"Digital Twin Enhanced Dynamic Job-Shop Scheduling","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2018.03.036","article-title":"Key performance indicators in cyber-physical production systems","volume":"72","author":"Samir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s12650-018-0530-2","article-title":"A survey of visualization for smart manufacturing","volume":"22","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1007\/s12008-019-00567-6","article-title":"An Augmented Reality approach to factory layout design embedding operation simulation","volume":"13","author":"Kokkas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Interact. Des. Manuf. (IJIDeM)"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3182\/20130619-3-RU-3018.00637","article-title":"Virtual and augmented reality applications in manufacturing","volume":"46","author":"Nee","year":"2013","journal-title":"IFAC Proc. Vol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1080\/1573062X.2020.1771382","article-title":"Building and exploiting a Digital Twin for the management of drinking water distribution networks","volume":"17","author":"Fuertes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban Water J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonilla, C.A., Zanfei, A., Brentan, B., Montalvo, I., and Izquierdo, J. (2022). A digital twin of a water distribution system by using graph convolutional networks for pump speed-based state estimation. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14040514"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos, H.M., Morani, M.C., Carravetta, A., Fecarrotta, O., Adeyeye, K., L\u00f3pez-Jim\u00e9nez, P.A., and P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez, M. (2022). New Challenges towards Smart Systems\u2019 Efficiency by Digital Twin in Water Distribution Networks. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14081304"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, R.G., Souza, G., Maia, R.F., Tran, A.L.H., Kamienski, C., Soininen, J.P., and Lima, F. (2019, January 17). A digital twin for smart farming. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC), Santa Clara, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GHTC46095.2019.9033075"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"77","article-title":"AgriLoRa: A digital twin framework for smart agriculture","volume":"11","author":"Angin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Wirel. Mob. Netw. Ubiquitous Comput. Dependable Appl."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bado, M.F., Tonelli, D., Poli, F., Zonta, D., and Casas, J.R. (2022). Digital Twin for Civil Engineering Systems: An Exploratory Review for Distributed Sensing Updating. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093168"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"13","article-title":"A Wire Rod Rolling Mill Digital Twin for the Simulation of the Rolls Replacement Process","volume":"63","author":"Junquera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tancredi, G.P., Vignali, G., and Bottani, E. (2022). Integration of Digital Twin, Machine-Learning and Industry 4.0 Tools for Anomaly Detection: An Application to a Food Plant. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22114143"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallala, A., Kumar, A.A., Hichri, B., and Plapper, P. (2022). Digital Twin for Human\u2014Robot Interactions by Means of Industry 4.0 Enabling Technologies. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22134950"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20325","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2897018","article-title":"Prototyping a digital twin for real time remote control over mobile networks: Application of remote surgery","volume":"7","author":"Laaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.121.021","article-title":"An analysis of technologies and standards for designing smart manufacturing systems","volume":"121","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1080\/09537287.2016.1237686","article-title":"A reference activity model for smart factory de-sign and improvement","volume":"28","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prod. Plan. Control."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1080\/0951192X.2020.1815850","article-title":"A cloud-based digital twin manufacturing system based on an interoperable data schema for smart manufacturing","volume":"33","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2004.1275947","article-title":"Mighty MESs; state-of-the-art and future manufacturing execution systems","volume":"11","author":"Qiu","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2020.102040","article-title":"Server-Edge dualized closed-loop data analytics system for cyber-physical system application","volume":"67","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Robot. Comput. -Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142606","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3013890","article-title":"Asset administration shell for PLC representation based on IEC 61131\u20133","volume":"8","author":"Cavalieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1109\/MIE.2020.3010492","article-title":"Toward the Plug-and-Produce Capability for Industry 4.0: An Asset Administration Shell Approach","volume":"14","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/14\/5450\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:55:43Z","timestamp":1760140543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/14\/5450"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s22145450"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22145450","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]}}}