{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T05:05:03Z","timestamp":1774155903364,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cBando Straordinario di Ateneo per Progetti di Ricerca Biomedica in Ambito SARS-COV-2 e COVID-19\u201d\u2014University of Parma"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Innovative and highly performing smart voltammetric immunosensors for rapid and effective serological tests aimed at the determination of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were developed and validated in human serum matrix. Two immunosensors were developed for the determination of immunoglobulins directed against either the nucleocapsid or the spike viral antigen proteins. The immunosensors were realized using disposable screen-printed electrodes modified with nanostructured materials for the immobilization of the antigens. Fast quantitative detection was achieved, with analysis duration being around 1 h. Signal readout was carried out through a smart, compact and battery-powered potentiostat, based on a Wi-Fi protocol and devised for the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. This device is used for the acquisition, storage and sharing of clinical data. Outstanding immunosensors\u2019 sensitivity, specificity and accuracy (100%) were assessed, according to the diagnostic guidelines for epidemiological data. The overall performance of the sensing devices, combined with the portability of the IoT-based device, enables their suitability as a high-throughput diagnostic tool. Both of the immunosensors were validated using clinical human serum specimens from SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, provided by IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T22:38:50Z","timestamp":1658443130000},"page":"5463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Smart Immunosensors for Point-of-Care Serological Tests Aimed at Assessing Natural or Vaccine-Induced SARS-CoV-2 Immunity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1921-7974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Fortunati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilit\u00e0 Ambientale, Universit\u00e0 di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17\/A, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7031-7466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Giannetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilit\u00e0 Ambientale, Universit\u00e0 di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17\/A, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4340-1800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Giliberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilit\u00e0 Ambientale, Universit\u00e0 di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17\/A, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Bolchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilit\u00e0 Ambientale, Universit\u00e0 di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17\/A, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7084-6800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilit\u00e0 Ambientale, Universit\u00e0 di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17\/A, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Locatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3035-7903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Architettura, Universit\u00e0 di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 181\/A, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7649-2871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Boni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Architettura, Universit\u00e0 di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 181\/A, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9872-1695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"De Munari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Architettura, Universit\u00e0 di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 181\/A, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4558-5001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Careri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilit\u00e0 Ambientale, Universit\u00e0 di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17\/A, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, March 29). 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