{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:53:36Z","timestamp":1760230416876,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JST Moonshot R&amp;D","award":["JPMJPS2011","JP20H00101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJPS2011","JP20H00101"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JPMJPS2011","JP20H00101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJPS2011","JP20H00101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We examined the influence of groups of agents and the type of avatar on movement interference. In addition, we studied the synchronization of the subject with the agent. For that, we conducted experiments utilizing human subjects to examine the influence of one, two, or three agents, as well as human or robot avatars, and finally, the agent moving biologically or linearly. We found the main effect on movement interference was the number of agents; namely, three agents had significantly more influence on movement interference than one agent. These results suggest that the number of agents is more influential on movement interference than other avatar characteristics. For the synchronization, the main effect of the type of the agent was revealed, showing that the human agent kept more synchronization compared to the robotic agent. In this experiment, we introduced an additional paradigm on the interference which we called synchronization, discovering that a group of agents is able to influence this behavioral level as well.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T22:38:50Z","timestamp":1658443130000},"page":"5465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multiple Groups of Agents for Increased Movement Interference and Synchronization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6538-041X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis","family":"Meneses","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamed","family":"Mahzoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuichiro","family":"Yoshikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Ishiguro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-89076-8_2","article-title":"Studies on Humanlike Robots\u2014Humanoid, Android and Geminoid","volume":"Volume 5325","author":"Carpin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Simulation, Modeling, and Programming for Autonomous Robots"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Becker-Asano, C., Ogawa, K., Nishio, S., and Ishiguro, H. (2010, January 28\u201330). Exploring the uncanny valley with Geminoid HI-1 in a real-world application. Proceedings of the IADIS International Conference Interfaces and Human Computer Interaction, Freiburg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5057\/ER081218-1","article-title":"Geminoid: Remote-Controlled Android System for Studying Human Presence","volume":"8","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"KANSEI Eng. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/38.749116","article-title":"Public speaking in virtual reality: Facing an audience of avatars","volume":"19","author":"Slater","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freeman, G., Zamanifard, S., Maloney, D., and Adkins, A. (2020, January 25\u201330). My body, my avatar: How people perceive their avatars in social virtual reality. Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3334480.3382923"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, H.J., and Neff, M. (2018, January 21\u201326). Communication behavior in embodied virtual reality. Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173863"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"82","article-title":"The impact of technologies on society: A review","volume":"20","author":"Younes","year":"2015","journal-title":"IOSR J. Humanit. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(03)00165-9","article-title":"An Interference Effect of Observed Biological Movement on Action","volume":"13","author":"Kilner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1080\/17470910701428190","article-title":"Interference effect of observed human movement on action is due to velocity profile of biological motion","volume":"2","author":"Kilner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713001335","article-title":"Atypical interference effect of action observation in autism spectrum conditions","volume":"44","author":"Cook","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkg.70.4.019","article-title":"The influence of avatars on online consumer shopping behavior","volume":"70","author":"Holzwarth","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mark."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Praetorius, A.S., and G\u00f6rlich, D. (2020, January 15\u201318). How avatars influence user behavior: A review on the proteus effect in virtual environments and video games. Proceedings of the International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games, Bugibba, Malta.","DOI":"10.1145\/3402942.3403019"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2641568","article-title":"Can I recognize my body\u2019s weight? The influence of shape and texture on the perception of self","volume":"11","author":"Piryankova","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Appl. Percept. (TAP)"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oztop, E., Franklin, D.W., and Chaminade, T. (2005, January 5\u20137). Human-humanoid interaction: Is a humanoid robot perceived as a human?. Proceedings of the 4th IEEE\/RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots, Tsukuba, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICHR.2004.1442688"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker, M.E., Szafir, D., and Rae, I. (2019, January 23\u201327). The influence of size in augmented reality telepresence avatars. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), Osaka, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2019.8798152"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000005","article-title":"How Socially Relevant Visual Characteristics of Avatars Influence Impression Formation","volume":"22","author":"Weibel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Media Psychol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1031(77)90047-6","article-title":"Perception of groups, size of opposition, and social influence","volume":"13","author":"Wilder","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1037\/h0044376","article-title":"Group influence on individual risk taking","volume":"65","author":"Wallach","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Milgram, S., and Gudehus, C. (1978). Obedience to Authority, Ziff-Davis Publishing Company."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-018-0468-5","article-title":"Multiple-robot conversational patterns for concealing incoherent respons-es","volume":"10","author":"Arimoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robot."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1075\/is.18027.men","article-title":"Effect of synchronous robot motion on human synchrony and enjoyment perception","volume":"22","author":"Meneses","year":"2021","journal-title":"Interact. Stud."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-014-0253-z","article-title":"Towards artificial empathy","volume":"7","author":"Asada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robot."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01622","article-title":"The Relationship between Head Motion Synchronization and Empathy in Unidirectional Face-to-Face Communication","volume":"9","author":"Yokozuka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1038\/35002660","article-title":"The sound of many hands clapping","volume":"403","author":"Neda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-017-5110-5","article-title":"The role of attention and intention in synchronization to music: Effects on gait","volume":"236","author":"Leow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00771","article-title":"The Harvard Beat Assessment Test (H-BAT): A battery for assessing beat perception and production and their dissociation","volume":"7","author":"Fujii","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohr, M., Nann, M., Von Tscharner, V., Eskofier, B., and Nigg, B.M. (2015). Task-Dependent Intermuscular Motor Unit Synchronization between Medial and Lateral Vastii Muscles during Dynamic and Isometric Squats. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142048"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s10683-017-9550-3","article-title":"A minimum effort coordination game experiment in continuous time","volume":"21","author":"Leng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Econ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stepanov, A., Lange, A., Khromov, N., Korotin, A., Burnaev, E., and Somov, A. (2019, January 22\u201325). Sensors and Game Synchronization for Data Analysis in eSports. Proceedings of the IEEE 17th International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), Helsinki, Finland.","DOI":"10.1109\/INDIN41052.2019.8972249"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James, W. (1890). Principles of Psychology, Holt.","DOI":"10.1037\/10538-000"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00034026","article-title":"The representing brain: Neural correlates of motor intention and imagery","volume":"17","author":"Jeannerod","year":"1994","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/713752551","article-title":"Perception and action planning","volume":"9","author":"Prinz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200105250-00038","article-title":"Phase-specific modulation of cortical motor output during movement observation","volume":"12","author":"Gangitano","year":"2001","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(00)00024-X","article-title":"Movement observation affects movement execution in a simple response task","volume":"106","author":"Brass","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(01)00134-8","article-title":"Hand action preparation influences the responses to hand pictures","volume":"40","author":"Craighero","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-009-2034-8","article-title":"The influence of goals on movement kinematics during imitation","volume":"204","author":"Wild","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2015.10.005","article-title":"Atypical biological motion kinematics are represented by complementary lower-level and top-down processes during imitation learning","volume":"163","author":"Hayes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kupferberg, A., Huber, M., Helfer, B., Lenz, C., Knoll, A., and Glasauer, S. (2012). Moving Just Like You: Motor Interference Depends on Similar Motility of Agent and Observer. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039637"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Chaminade, T., Franklin, D., Oztop, E., and Cheng, G. (2005, January 19\u201321). Motor interference between Humans and Humanoid Robots: Effect of Biological and Artificial Motion. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Development and Learning, Osaka, Japan."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2019.04.003","article-title":"Interactor\u2019s body shape does not affect visuo-motor interference effects during motor coordination","volume":"196","author":"Gandolfo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01879.x","article-title":"The Efficacy Advantage: Factors Related to the Formation of Group Efficacy1","volume":"33","author":"Gibson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721412438352","article-title":"Group affect: Its influence on individual and group outcomes","volume":"21","author":"Barsade","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1037\/xap0000265","article-title":"The synchronization of collective beliefs: From dyadic interactions to network convergence","volume":"26","author":"Vlasceanu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.2307\/3094912","article-title":"The Ripple Effect: Emotional Contagion and its Influence on Group Behavior","volume":"47","author":"Barsade","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adm. Sci. Q."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3559","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0148","article-title":"Promoting motivation with virtual agents and avatars: Role of visual presence and appearance","volume":"364","author":"Baylor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Ni, T., Agrawal, S., Hughes, D., and Sycara, K. (2020, January 5\u20139). Team Synchronization and Individual Contributions in Coop-Space Fortress. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Online. No. 1.","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181320641023"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/14\/5465\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:55:51Z","timestamp":1760140551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/14\/5465"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s22145465"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22145465","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]}}}