{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T18:17:35Z","timestamp":1777486655352,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,23]],"date-time":"2022-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Virtual reality (VR) systems are becoming increasingly attractive as joint kinematics monitoring systems during rehabilitation. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the Oculus Quest 2 in measuring translational and rotational displacements. As the Oculus Quest 2 was chosen for future applications in shoulder rehabilitation, the translation range (minimum: ~200 mm, maximum: ~700 mm) corresponded to the forearm length of the 5th percentile female and the upper limb length of the 95th percentile male. The controller was moved on two structures designed to allow different translational displacements and rotations in the range 0\u2013180\u00b0, to cover the range of motion of the upper limb. The controller measures were compared with those of a Qualisys optical capture system. The results showed a mean absolute error of 13.52 \u00b1 6.57 mm at a distance of 500 mm from the head-mounted display along the x-direction. The maximum mean absolute error for rotational displacements was found to be 1.11 \u00b1 0.37\u00b0 for a rotation of 40\u00b0 around the z-axis. Oculus Quest 2 is a promising VR tool for monitoring shoulder kinematics during rehabilitation. The inside-out movement tracking makes Oculus Quest 2 a viable alternative to traditional motion analysis systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22155511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T04:52:47Z","timestamp":1658724767000},"page":"5511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Virtual Reality for Shoulder Rehabilitation: Accuracy Evaluation of Oculus Quest 2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4543-1149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Carnevale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Measurement and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Mannocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, University of Roma Tre, Via Vito Volterra, 62, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Saifeddine Hadj","family":"Sassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, University of Roma Tre, Via Vito Volterra, 62, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7489-3767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Carli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, University of Roma Tre, Via Vito Volterra, 62, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanna De","family":"De Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Measurement and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Umile Giuseppe","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Denaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9696-1265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiliano","family":"Schena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Measurement and Biomedical Instrumentation, Department of Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"do Nascimento, L.M.S., Bonfati, L.V., Freitas, M.L.B., Mendes Junior, J.J.A., Siqueira, H.V., and Stevan, S.L. 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