{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T16:14:03Z","timestamp":1783700043294,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61905283"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61905283"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to meet the needs of attitude correction of the optical fiber sensor array, an all-fiber optical sensor combined with FBG and CFBG-FP is proposed to monitor its attitude angle. The FBG sensor for pitch and roll angles detection employs a geometric model solution to shift the center wavelength of the three fiber Bragg gratings connected to it through the mass sphere, allowing for pitch and roll angle detection. Based on the magnetostrictive effect, the CFBG-FP sensor for heading angle detection employs changes of the cavity length of the chirped grating Fabry-P\u00e9rot cavity connected to its surface. The method of interpolation data processing and derivation of the attitude angle matrix is used to realize heading angle detection. The experimental results indicate that the FBG sensor for the pitch and roll angles detection has an effective detection range of 180 degrees and an angle measurement error of less than 1.5 degrees. Meanwhile, in the region beyond 10 degrees in the geomagnetic north-south direction, the angle measurement error of the CFBG-FP sensor for the heading angle detection is less than 1.3 degrees. Moreover, the impact of temperature in the system is minimized, demonstrating the validity of this combined fiber optical approach in the attitude angle measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22155562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:17:27Z","timestamp":1658794647000},"page":"5562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["An All-Fiber Optical Sensor Combined with FBG and CFBG-FP for Attitude Estimation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yifan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory for Marine Detection Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuidong","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory for Marine Detection Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory for Marine Detection Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2020.107290","article-title":"Vehicle sideslip angle estimation by fusing inertial measurement unit and global navigation satellite system with heading alignment","volume":"150","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2011.2122348","article-title":"Attitude Estimation for Vehicles with Partial Inertial Measurement","volume":"60","author":"Maeder","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2009.1477","article-title":"Vision-based magnetic heading sensor for mobile robot guidance","volume":"45","author":"Ahn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4237","DOI":"10.3390\/s120404237","article-title":"Underwater wireless sensor communications in the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band","volume":"12","author":"Lloret","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Lorga, J., and Silva, P.F. Attitude Determination Using a Multi-antenna GNSS Receiver Tightly Integrated with a MEMS IMU. Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Fort Worth, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463318000681","article-title":"Multi-antenna GNSS and INS Integrated Position and Attitude Determination without Base Station for Land Vehicles","volume":"72","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Navig."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.332.111","article-title":"Standalone Multi Antenna GNSS Code Based Attitude Determination of Nanosatellite: Design and Implementation","volume":"332","author":"Meibo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1853","article-title":"Research on the attitude determination of MEMS based on adaptive filter","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sens. Actuators"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-011-0207-y","article-title":"Attitude determination by integration of MEMS inertial sensors and GPS for autonomous agriculture applications","volume":"16","author":"Yong","year":"2012","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2016.2627536","article-title":"Accurate Attitude Estimation of a Moving Land Vehicle Using Low-Cost MEMS IMU Sensors","volume":"18","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2009.08.024","article-title":"Influence of sensor imperfections to electronic compass attitude accuracy","volume":"155","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crowell, J. (2006, January 18\u201321). Low Cost Solid State Attitude Sensor for Marine and General Applications. Proceedings of the Oceans 2006, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANS.2006.307131"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carpenter, R., Silvia, M., and Cray, B. (2006, January 17-20). The design of a broadband ocean acoustic laboratory: Detailed examination of vector sensor performance. Proceedings of the Unattended Ground, Sea, and Air Sensor Technologies and Applications VIII, Kissimmee, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.673726"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1108\/SR-10-2018-0276","article-title":"A new measurement for yaw estimation of land vehicles using MARG sensors","volume":"39","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2020.2978106","article-title":"MARG Attitude Estimation Using Gradient-Descent Linear Kalman Filter","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1108\/00022661211207893","article-title":"Attitude and heading reference system with acceleration compensation","volume":"84","author":"Hemerly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aircr. Eng. Aerosp. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25919","DOI":"10.3390\/s151025919","article-title":"Multi-sensor calibration of low-cost magnetic, angular rate and gravity systems","volume":"15","author":"Luken","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2007.05.008","article-title":"Calibration and data fusion solution for the miniature attitude and heading reference system","volume":"138","author":"Jurman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Zhang, H. (2008). Characteristic Analysis of Noise Acoustic Field of Fiber-Optic Vector Hydrophone. [Master\u2019s Thesis, National University of Defense Technology]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.47.000556","article-title":"Temperature-insensitive fiber Bragg grating tilt sensor","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2011.2132695","article-title":"Temperature-Insensitive Fiber Bragg Grating Based Tilt Sensor with Large Dynamic Range","volume":"29","author":"Au","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Zhang, X. (2007). Study of Fiber Optic Magnetic Field Sensing for Towed Array Shape Measurement. [Ph.D. Thesis, National University of Defense Technology]."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teng, D., and Li, Y. (2020). Finite Element Solutions for Magnetic Field Problems in Terfenol-D Transducers. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20102808"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"0706004","article-title":"Novel Fiber Bragg Grating Tilt Sensor with High Sensitivity","volume":"42","author":"Xing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Opt. Sin."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, H., Liang, L., Wang, H., Dai, S., Xu, Q., and Dong, R. (2021). Design and Measurement of a Dual FBG High-Precision Shape Sensor for Wing Shape Reconstruction. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010168"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-opt:19941419","article-title":"Thermally-compensated bending gauge using surface-mounted fibre gratings","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Optoelectron."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1002\/pssa.2210700228","article-title":"Magnetomechanical properties of amorphous metals","volume":"70","author":"Livingston","year":"1982","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"186","article-title":"Demodulation of the Optical Fiber Fabry-Perot Sensor Based on Fourier Transform","volume":"25","author":"Peng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Opt. Sin."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Geib, D. (2003). Multiplexing of Extrinsic Fabry-Perot Optical Fiber Sensors for Strain Measurements. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00187310","article-title":"Signal-processing techniques for low signal-to-noise ratio laser Doppler velocimetry signals","volume":"12","author":"Shinpaugh","year":"1992","journal-title":"Exp. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1109\/50.618377","article-title":"Fiber grating sensors","volume":"15","author":"Kersey","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cranch, G.A., and Nash, P.J. (1999, January 19\u201322). High multiplexing gain using TDM and WDM in interferometric sensor arrays. Proceedings of the PHOTONICS EAST \u201899, Fiber Optic Sensor Technology and Application, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.373002"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/15\/5562\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:56:24Z","timestamp":1760140584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/15\/5562"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s22155562"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22155562","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]}}}