{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T15:48:07Z","timestamp":1761061687205,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32HD057850","T32AG023480","K01AG058785"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HD057850","T32AG023480","K01AG058785"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Mabel A. Woodyard Fellowship in Neurodegenerative Disorders","award":["T32HD057850","T32AG023480","K01AG058785"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HD057850","T32AG023480","K01AG058785"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32HD057850","T32AG023480","K01AG058785"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HD057850","T32AG023480","K01AG058785"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Family of Beth and Richard Marcus Research Fund","award":["T32HD057850","T32AG023480","K01AG058785"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HD057850","T32AG023480","K01AG058785"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32HD057850","T32AG023480","K01AG058785"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HD057850","T32AG023480","K01AG058785"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pupillary response reflects mental effort (or cognitive workload) during cognitive and\/or motor tasks including standing postural control. EEG has been shown to be a non-invasive measure to assess the cortical involvement of postural control. The purpose of this study was to understand the effect of increasing postural task difficulty on the pupillary response and EEG outcomes and their relationship in young adults. Fifteen adults completed multiple trials of standing: eyes open, eyes open while performing a dual-task (auditory two-back), eyes occluded, and eyes occluded with a dual-task. Participants stood on a force plate and wore an eye tracker and 256-channel EEG cap during the conditions. The power spectrum was analyzed for absolute theta (4\u20137 Hz), alpha (8\u201313 Hz), and beta (13\u201330 Hz) frequency bands. Increased postural task difficulty was associated with greater pupillary response (p &lt; 0.001) and increased posterior region alpha power (p = 0.001) and fronto-central region theta\/beta power ratio (p = 0.01). Greater pupillary response correlated with lower posterior EEG alpha power during eyes-occluded standing with (r = \u22120.67, p = 0.01) and without (r = \u22120.69, p = 0.01) dual-task. A greater pupillary response was associated with lower CoP displacement in the anterior\u2013posterior direction during dual-task eyes-occluded standing (r = \u22120.60, p = 0.04). The pupillary response and EEG alpha power appear to capture similar cortical processes that are increasingly utilized during progressively more challenging postural task conditions. As the pupillary response also correlated with task performance, this measurement may serve as a valuable stand-alone or adjunct tool to understand the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms of postural control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22155594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T04:59:16Z","timestamp":1658897956000},"page":"5594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cortical Correlates of Increased Postural Task Difficulty in Young Adults: A Combined Pupillometry and EEG Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Melike","family":"Kahya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Harvard Medical School, 1200 Centre St., Boston, MA 02131, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical School, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3225-5086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Gustafson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical School, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abiodun E.","family":"Akinwuntan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation Science, and Athletic Training, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brad","family":"Manor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Harvard Medical School, 1200 Centre St., Boston, MA 02131, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8853-6840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannes","family":"Devos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation Science, and Athletic Training, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0657-0","article-title":"Cortical control of postural responses","volume":"114","author":"Jacobs","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0764-y","article-title":"Cognitive demands and cortical control of human balance-recovery reactions","volume":"114","author":"Maki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00288","article-title":"Increased postural demand is associated with greater cognitive workload in healthy young adults: A pupillometry study","volume":"12","author":"Kahya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.08.008","article-title":"Reliability and validity of pupillary response during dual-task balance in Parkinson Disease","volume":"102","author":"Kahya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.617028","article-title":"Pupillary Response to Postural Demand in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","author":"Kahya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"229","article-title":"Aging and n-back performance: A meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Bopp","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.91.2.276","article-title":"Task-evoked pupillary responses, processing load, and the structure of processing resources","volume":"91","author":"Beatty","year":"1982","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2573","article-title":"The locus coeruleus and noradrenergic modulation of cognition","volume":"10","author":"Sara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"142","article-title":"The pupillary system","volume":"2","author":"Beatty","year":"2000","journal-title":"Handb. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.12.031","article-title":"More than meets the eye: The relationship between pupil size and locus coeruleus activity","volume":"89","author":"Costa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00015","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of motivation-cognitive control interactions revealed by high-resolution pupillometry","volume":"4","author":"Chiew","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.01.008","article-title":"Activity in functional cortical networks temporally associated with postural instability","volume":"401","author":"Varghese","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1515\/RNS.2011.047","article-title":"Cognition in action: Imaging brain\/body dynamics in mobile humans","volume":"22","author":"Gramann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031001","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/12\/3\/031001","article-title":"EEG artifact removal\u2014state-of-the-art and guidelines","volume":"12","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Makeig, S., Bell, A.J., Jung, T.-P., and Sejnowski, T.J. (1996). Independent component analysis of electroencephalographic data. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst., 145\u2013151."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142301.ns0625s52","article-title":"Electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) with human participants","volume":"52","author":"Light","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"695","article-title":"Higher balance task demands are associated with an increase in individual alpha peak frequency","volume":"9","author":"Mierau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.02.054","article-title":"Cortical alpha rhythms are correlated with body sway during quiet open-eyes standing in athletes: A high-resolution EEG study","volume":"36","author":"Brancucci","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3992243","article-title":"EEG alpha activity reflects attentional demands, and beta activity reflects emotional and cognitive processes","volume":"228","author":"Ray","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.10.007","article-title":"Alpha-band oscillations, attention, and controlled access to stored information","volume":"16","author":"Klimesch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14947","article-title":"Simultaneous EEG and pupillary evidence for post-error arousal during a speeded performance task","volume":"53","author":"Compton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ala, T.S., Graversen, C., Wendt, D., Alickovic, E., Whitmer, W.M., and Lunner, T. (2020). An exploratory Study of EEG Alpha Oscillation and Pupil Dilation in Hearing-Aid Users During Effortful listening to Continuous Speech. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235782"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13758","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13758","article-title":"Inter-and intra-individual coupling between pupillary, electrophysiological, and behavioral responses in a visual oddball task","volume":"58","author":"LoTemplio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-018-09428-6","article-title":"The EEG theta\/beta ratio: A marker of arousal or cognitive processing capacity?","volume":"44","author":"Clarke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Dinteren, R., Arns, M., Jongsma, M.L., and Kessels, R.P. (2014). P300 development across the lifespan: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087347"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"B165","article-title":"Identifying cognitive state from eye metrics","volume":"78","author":"Marshall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","article-title":"EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis","volume":"134","author":"Delorme","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Hinkle, D.E., Wiersma, W., and Jurs, S.G. (1988). Applied Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, Houghton Mifflin."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.04.021","article-title":"Cortical EEG alpha rhythms reflect task-specific somatosensory and motor interactions in humans","volume":"125","author":"Babiloni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.10.040","article-title":"Electroencephalographic correlates of continuous postural tasks of increasing difficulty","volume":"395","author":"Edwards","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2012.07.002","article-title":"A review of alpha activity in integrative brain function: Fundamental physiology, sensory coding, cognition and pathology","volume":"86","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13059","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13059","article-title":"Combined assessment of attentional reserve and cognitive-motor effort under various levels of challenge with a dry EEG system","volume":"55","author":"Gentili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2018.01.009","article-title":"Measurement of attentional reserve and mental effort for cognitive workload assessment under various task demands during dual-task walking","volume":"134","author":"Shaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ENEURO.0207-18.2018","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0207-18.2018","article-title":"Differentiation in theta and beta electrocortical activity between visual and physical perturbations to walking and standing balance","volume":"5","author":"Peterson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eneuro"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2019.1648237","article-title":"The Effects of Textured Insoles on Cortical Activity and Quiet Bipedal Standing With and Without Vision: An EEG Study","volume":"52","author":"Kenny","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dominguez, M.C., O\u2019Keeffe, C., O\u2019Rourke, E., Feerick, N., and Reilly, R.B. (2019, January 23\u201327). Cortical Theta Activity and Postural Control in Non-Visual and High Cognitive Load Tasks: Impact for Clinical Studies. Proceedings of the 2019 41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2019.8857663"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2015.02.049","article-title":"Cortical processes associated with continuous balance control as revealed by EEG spectral power","volume":"592","author":"Mierau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.05.001","article-title":"Modulation of cortical activity in response to visually induced postural perturbation: Combined VR and EEG study","volume":"547","author":"Slobounov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00093","article-title":"It\u2019s how you get there: Walking down a virtual alley activates premotor and parietal areas","volume":"8","author":"Wagner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00744.2012","article-title":"Loss of balance during balance beam walking elicits a multifocal theta band electrocortical response","volume":"110","author":"Sipp","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/86.5.735","article-title":"Interpreting change scores of tests and measures used in physical therapy","volume":"86","author":"Haley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/15\/5594\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:56:58Z","timestamp":1760140618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/15\/5594"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s22155594"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22155594","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]}}}