{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T19:32:50Z","timestamp":1783020770514,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The inclusion of the Internet of Things (IoT) in greenhouses has become a fundamental tool for improving cultivation systems, offering information relevant to the greenhouse manager for decision making in search of optimum yield. This article presents a monitoring system applied to an aeroponic greenhouse based on an IoT architecture that provides user information on the status of the climatic variables and the appearance of the crop in addition to managing the irrigation timing and the frequency of visual inspection using an application developed for Android mobile devices called Aeroponics Monitor. The proposed IoT architecture consists of four layers: a device layer, fog layer, cloud layer and application layer. Once the information about the monitored variables is obtained by the sensors of the device layer, the fog layer processes it and transfers it to the Thingspeak and Firebase servers. In the cloud layer, Thingspeak analyzes the information from the variables monitored in the greenhouse through its IoT analytic tools to generate historical data and visualizations of their behavior, as well as an analysis of the system\u2019s operating status. Firebase, on the other hand, is used as a database to store the results of the processing of the images taken in the fog layer for the supervision of the leaves and roots. The results of the analysis of the information of the monitored variables and of the processing of the images are presented in the developed app, with the objective of visualizing the state of the crop and to know the function of the monitoring system in the event of a possible lack of electricity or a service line failure in the fog layer and to avoid the loss of information. With the information about the temperature of the plant leaf and the relative humidity inside the greenhouse, the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in the cloud layer is calculated; the VPD values are available on the Thingspeak server and in the developed app. Additionally, an analysis of the VPD is presented that demonstrates a water deficiency from the transplanting of the seedling to the cultivation chamber. The IoT architecture presented in this paper represents a potential tool for the study of aeroponic farming systems through IoT-assisted monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22155646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T22:43:26Z","timestamp":1659048206000},"page":"5646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["IoT-Based Monitoring System Applied to Aeroponics Greenhouse"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1682-4365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo A.","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctorado en Ciencias de la Ingenier\u00eda, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico\/Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Celaya, Celaya 38010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1642-7274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Padilla-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico\/Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Celaya, Celaya 38010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6372-4426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Coral","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Nolasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctorado en Ciencias de la Ingenier\u00eda, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico\/Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Celaya, Celaya 38010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4080-1286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan J.","family":"Martinez-Nolasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Mecatr\u00f3nica, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico\/Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Celaya, Celaya 38010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5050-6208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro I.","family":"Barranco-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico\/Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Celaya, Celaya 38010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis M.","family":"Contreras-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Biosystems Engineering Group, Faculty of Engineering, Autonomous University of Queretaro\u2014Campus Amazcala, El Marques, Quer\u00e9taro 76140, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1309-2226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Leon-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Rob\u00f3tica, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Guanajuato, Campus Cort\u00e1zar, Guanajuato 38496, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.3390\/agriengineering3040047","article-title":"Smart Indoor Farms: Leveraging Technological Advancements to Power a Sustainable Agricultural Revolution","volume":"3","author":"Hati","year":"2021","journal-title":"AgriEngineering"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32517","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3057865","article-title":"A Systematic Review on Monitoring and Advanced Control Strategies in Smart Agriculture","volume":"9","author":"Hassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.3390\/agriengineering3040060","article-title":"Application of Internet of Things (IoT) for Optimized Greenhouse Environments","volume":"3","author":"Maraveas","year":"2021","journal-title":"AgriEngineering"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2022, June 27). 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