{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T16:52:33Z","timestamp":1776876753842,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013348","name":"Innosuisse\u2014Swiss Innovation Agency (Bern, Switzerland)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["38215.1 IP-LS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["38215.1 IP-LS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of inertial measurement units (IMUs) to compute gait outputs, such as the 3D lower-limb kinematics is of huge potential, but no consensus on the procedures and algorithms exists. This study aimed at evaluating the validity of a 7-IMUs system against the optoelectronic system. Ten asymptomatic subjects were included. They wore IMUs on their feet, shanks, thighs and pelvis. The IMUs were embedded in clusters with reflective markers. Reference kinematics was computed from anatomical markers. Gait kinematics was obtained from accelerometer and gyroscope data after sensor orientation estimation and sensor-to-segment (S2S) calibration steps. The S2S calibration steps were also applied to the cluster data. IMU-based and cluster-based kinematics were compared to the reference through root mean square errors (RMSEs), centered RMSEs (after mean removal), correlation coefficients (CCs) and differences in amplitude. The mean RMSE and centered RMSE were, respectively, 7.5\u00b0 and 4.0\u00b0 for IMU-kinematics, and 7.9\u00b0 and 3.8\u00b0 for cluster-kinematics. Very good CCs were found in the sagittal plane for both IMUs and cluster-based kinematics at the hip, knee and ankle levels (CCs &gt; 0.85). The overall mean amplitude difference was about 7\u00b0. These results reflected good accordance in our system with the reference, especially in the sagittal plane, but the presence of offsets requires caution for clinical use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22155657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T22:43:26Z","timestamp":1659048206000},"page":"5657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Three-Dimensional Lower-Limb Kinematics from Accelerometers and Gyroscopes with Simple and Minimal Functional Calibration Tasks: Validation on Asymptomatic Participants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0086-4944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lena","family":"Carcreff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kinesiology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, Movement-Interactions-Performance, MIP, UR4334, F-44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Payen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kinesiology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Gait Up SA, 1020 Renens, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2797-7677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gautier","family":"Grouvel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kinesiology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabien","family":"Mass\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gait Up SA, 1020 Renens, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9144-4982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Armand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kinesiology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Storm, F.A., Cesareo, A., Reni, G., and Biffi, E. 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