{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T16:23:03Z","timestamp":1781194983686,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Graz University of Technology","award":["FFG nr. 889349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FFG nr. 889349"]}]},{"name":"InVADE","award":["FFG nr. 889349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FFG nr. 889349"]}]},{"name":"program Mobility of the Future","award":["FFG nr. 889349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FFG nr. 889349"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radar sensors were among the first perceptual sensors used for automated driving. Although several other technologies such as lidar, camera, and ultrasonic sensors are available, radar sensors have maintained and will continue to maintain their importance due to their reliability in adverse weather conditions. Virtual methods are being developed for verification and validation of automated driving functions to reduce the time and cost of testing. Due to the complexity of modelling high-frequency wave propagation and signal processing and perception algorithms, sensor models that seek a high degree of accuracy are challenging to simulate. Therefore, a variety of different modelling approaches have been presented in the last two decades. This paper comprehensively summarises the heterogeneous state of the art in radar sensor modelling. Instead of a technology-oriented classification as introduced in previous review articles, we present a classification of how these models can be used in vehicle development by using the V-model originating from software development. Sensor models are divided into operational, functional, technical, and individual models. The application and usability of these models along the development process are summarised in a comprehensive tabular overview, which is intended to support future research and development at the vehicle level and will be continuously updated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22155693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T23:49:27Z","timestamp":1659397767000},"page":"5693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["A Survey on Modelling of Automotive Radar Sensors for Virtual Test and Validation of Automated Driving"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3038-0131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoltan Ferenc","family":"Magosi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Automotive Engineering, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1116-4989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hexuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Automotive Engineering, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3309-0623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Rosenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Automotive Engineering, Technical University Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPG Automotive GmbH, 76185 Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8246-8085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arno","family":"Eichberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Automotive Engineering, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35616","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3061732","article-title":"Next Generation X-in-the-Loop Validation Methodology for Automated Vehicle Systems","volume":"9","author":"Szalay","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Doms, T., Rauch, B., Schrammel, B., Schwald, C., Spahovic, E., and Schwarzl, C. 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