{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T15:22:50Z","timestamp":1784647370671,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]],"date-time":"2022-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Italian Ministry of Health","award":["H2020-779963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-779963"]}]},{"name":"the Italian Ministry of Health","award":["RF-2019-12370232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF-2019-12370232"]}]},{"name":"the Italian Ministry of Health","award":["I\/006\/06\/0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I\/006\/06\/0"]}]},{"name":"the Italian Ministry of Health","award":["2019-11-U.0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-11-U.0"]}]},{"name":"the Italian Ministry of Health","award":["2017CBF8NJ_005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017CBF8NJ_005"]}]},{"name":"the Italian Ministry of Health","award":["2020EM9A8X_003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020EM9A8X_003"]}]},{"name":"Italian Space Agency","award":["H2020-779963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-779963"]}]},{"name":"Italian Space Agency","award":["RF-2019-12370232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF-2019-12370232"]}]},{"name":"Italian Space Agency","award":["I\/006\/06\/0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I\/006\/06\/0"]}]},{"name":"Italian Space Agency","award":["2019-11-U.0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-11-U.0"]}]},{"name":"Italian Space Agency","award":["2017CBF8NJ_005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017CBF8NJ_005"]}]},{"name":"Italian Space Agency","award":["2020EM9A8X_003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020EM9A8X_003"]}]},{"name":"the Italian University Ministry","award":["H2020-779963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-779963"]}]},{"name":"the Italian University Ministry","award":["RF-2019-12370232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF-2019-12370232"]}]},{"name":"the Italian University Ministry","award":["I\/006\/06\/0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I\/006\/06\/0"]}]},{"name":"the Italian University Ministry","award":["2019-11-U.0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-11-U.0"]}]},{"name":"the Italian University Ministry","award":["2017CBF8NJ_005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017CBF8NJ_005"]}]},{"name":"the Italian University Ministry","award":["2020EM9A8X_003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020EM9A8X_003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent advances in the performance and evaluation of walking in exoskeletons use various assessments based on kinematic\/kinetic measurements. While such variables provide general characteristics of gait performance, only limited conclusions can be made about the neural control strategies. Moreover, some kinematic or kinetic parameters are a consequence of the control implemented on the exoskeleton. Therefore, standard indicators based on kinematic variables have limitations and need to be complemented by performance measures of muscle coordination and control strategy. Knowledge about what happens at the spinal cord output level might also be critical for rehabilitation since an abnormal spatiotemporal integration of activity in specific spinal segments may result in a risk for abnormalities in gait recovery. Here we present the PEPATO software, which is a benchmarking solution to assess changes in the spinal locomotor output during walking in the exoskeleton with respect to reference data on normal walking. In particular, functional and structural changes at the spinal cord level can be mapped into muscle synergies and spinal maps of motoneuron activity. A user-friendly software interface guides the user through several data processing steps leading to a set of performance indicators as output. We present an example of the usage of this software for evaluating walking in an unloading exoskeleton that allows a person to step in simulated reduced (the Moon\u2019s) gravity. By analyzing the EMG activity from lower limb muscles, the algorithms detected several performance indicators demonstrating differential adaptation (shifts in the center of activity, prolonged activation) of specific muscle activation modules and spinal motor pools and increased coactivation of lumbar and sacral segments. The software is integrated at EUROBENCH facilities to benchmark the performance of walking in the exoskeleton from the point of view of changes in the spinal locomotor output.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22155708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T23:49:27Z","timestamp":1659397767000},"page":"5708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Evaluation of Spatiotemporal Patterns of the Spinal Muscle Coordination Output during Walking in the Exoskeleton"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Dmitry S.","family":"Zhvansky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127994 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8116-3375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Sylos-Labini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1498-3987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arthur","family":"Dewolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Germana","family":"Cappellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3393-4956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"d\u2019Avella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Lacquaniti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine and Center of Space Biomedicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9363-9548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yury","family":"Ivanenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00343","article-title":"Mechatronic Wearable Exoskeletons for Bionic Bipedal Standing and Walking: A New Synthetic Approach","volume":"10","author":"Onose","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. 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