{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T01:14:09Z","timestamp":1773018849224,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]],"date-time":"2022-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Meath Foundation, Tallaght University Hospital"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in midlife is associated with a greater risk of dementia in later life. Both gait speed and spatiotemporal gait characteristics have been associated with later cognitive decline in community-dwelling older adults. Thus, the assessment of gait characteristics in uncomplicated midlife T2DM may be important in selecting-out those with T2DM at greatest risk of later cognitive decline. We assessed the relationship between Inertial Motion Unit (IMUs)-derived gait characteristics and cognitive function assessed via Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)\/detailed neuropsychological assessment battery (CANTAB) in middle-aged adults with and without uncomplicated T2DM using both multivariate linear regression and a neural network approach. Gait was assessed under (i) normal walking, (ii) fast (maximal) walking and (iii) cognitive dual-task walking (reciting alternate letters of the alphabet) conditions. Overall, 138 individuals were recruited (n = 94 with T2DM; 53% female, 52.8 \u00b1 8.3 years; n = 44 healthy controls, 43% female, 51.9 \u00b1 8.1 years). Midlife T2DM was associated with significantly slower gait velocity on both slow and fast walks (both p &lt; 0.01) in addition to a longer stride time and greater gait complexity during normal walk (both p &lt; 0.05). Findings persisted following covariate adjustment. In analyzing cognitive performance, the strongest association was observed between gait velocity and global cognitive function (MoCA). Significant associations were also observed between immediate\/delayed memory performance and gait velocity. Analysis using a neural network approach did not outperform multivariate linear regression in predicting cognitive function (MoCA) from gait velocity. Our study demonstrates the impact of uncomplicated T2DM on gait speed and gait characteristics in midlife, in addition to the striking relationship between gait characteristics and global cognitive function\/memory performance in midlife. Further studies are needed to evaluate the longitudinal relationship between midlife gait characteristics and later cognitive decline, which may aid in selecting-out those with T2DM at greatest-risk for preventative interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22155710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T23:49:27Z","timestamp":1659397767000},"page":"5710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Gait Characteristics and Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged Adults with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Data from ENBIND"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Pieter M. R.","family":"Herings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D08 XW7X Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1356-510X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam H.","family":"Dyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Age-Related Healthcare, Tallaght University Hospital, D24 NR0A Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"given":"Sean P.","family":"Kennelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Age-Related Healthcare, Tallaght University Hospital, D24 NR0A Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D08 XW7X Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4770-5273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle","family":"Killane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Technological University Dublin, D07 EWV4 Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"McKenna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Age-Related Healthcare, Tallaght University Hospital, D24 NR0A Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4313-6859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nollaig M.","family":"Bourke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"given":"Conor P.","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Graves Institute of Endocrinology, Tallaght University Hospital, D24 NR0A Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"given":"Desmond","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Age-Related Healthcare, Tallaght University Hospital, D24 NR0A Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Gibney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Graves Institute of Endocrinology, Tallaght University Hospital, D24 NR0A Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8578-1245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard B.","family":"Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D08 XW7X Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission","volume":"396","author":"Livingston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.16-3-247","article-title":"Drug treatments in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Briggs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. 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