{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T16:07:56Z","timestamp":1778170076111,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]],"date-time":"2022-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"CONACYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A1-S-8317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A1-S-8317"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"CONACYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SIP-IPN 20220531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIP-IPN 20220531"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"CONACYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SIP-IPN 20220572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIP-IPN 20220572"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","award":["A1-S-8317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A1-S-8317"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","award":["SIP-IPN 20220531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIP-IPN 20220531"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","award":["SIP-IPN 20220572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIP-IPN 20220572"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, we propose a versatile, low-cost, and tunable electronic device to generate realistic electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms, capable of simulating ECG of patients within a wide range of possibilities. A visual analysis of the clinical ECG register provides the cardiologist with vital physiological information to determine the patient\u2019s heart condition. Because of its clinical significance, there is a strong interest in algorithms and medical ECG measuring devices that acquire, preserve, and process ECG recordings with high fidelity. Bearing this in mind, the proposed electronic device is based on four different mathematical models describing macroscopic heartbeat dynamics with ordinary differential equations. Firstly, we produce full 12-lead ECG profiles by implementing a model comprising a network of heterogeneous oscillators. Then, we implement a discretized reaction\u2013diffusion model in our electronic device to reproduce ECG waveforms from various rhythm disorders. Finally, in order to show the versatility and capabilities of our system, we include two additional models, a ring of three coupled oscillators and a model based on a quasiperiodic motion, which can reproduce a wide range of pathological conditions. With this, the proposed device can reproduce around thirty-two cardiac rhythms with the possibility of exploring different parameter values to simulate new arrhythmias with the same hardware. Our system, which is a hybrid analog\u2013digital circuit, generates realistic ECG signals through digital-to-analog converters whose amplitudes and waveforms are controlled through an interactive and friendly graphic interface. Our ECG patient simulator arises as a promising platform for assessing the performance of electrocardiograph equipment and ECG signal processing software in clinical trials. Additionally the produced 12-lead profiles can be tested in patient monitoring systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22155714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T23:49:27Z","timestamp":1659397767000},"page":"5714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["ECG Patient Simulator Based on Mathematical Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5995-9510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario Alan","family":"Quiroz-Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de F\u00edsica Aplicada y Tecnolog\u00eda Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Queretaro 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Alberto","family":"Rosales-Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica y El\u00e9ctrica, Santa Ana 1000, San Francisco Culhuac\u00e1n, Mexico City 04430, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1566-8604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica y El\u00e9ctrica, Santa Ana 1000, San Francisco Culhuac\u00e1n, Mexico City 04430, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6210-4097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"V\u00e1zquez-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnolog\u00eda Avanzada, Cerro Blanco 141, Colinas del Cimatario, Queretaro 76090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7719-2942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Arag\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de F\u00edsica Aplicada y Tecnolog\u00eda Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Queretaro 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beuter, A., Glass, L., Mackey, M.C., and Titcombe, M.S. 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