{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T15:05:43Z","timestamp":1776783943320,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16\/RC\/3918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/RC\/3918"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13\/RC\/2094_P2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\/RC\/2094_P2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["754489"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["754489"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16\/RC\/3918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/RC\/3918"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13\/RC\/2094_P2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\/RC\/2094_P2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["754489"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["754489"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is bringing evolution with remote monitoring, intelligent analytics, and control of industrial processes. However, as the industrial world is currently in its initial stage of adopting full-stack development solutions with IIoT, there is a need to address the arising challenges. In this regard, researchers have proposed IIoT architectures based on different architectural layers and emerging technologies for the end-to-end integration of IIoT systems. In this paper, we review and compare three widely accepted IIoT reference architectures and present a state-of-the-art review of conceptual and experimental IIoT architectures from the literature. We identified scalability, interoperability, security, privacy, reliability, and low latency as the main IIoT architectural requirements and detailed how the current architectures address these challenges by using emerging technologies such as edge\/fog computing, blockchain, SDN, 5G, Machine Learning, and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Finally, we discuss the relation between the current challenges and emergent technologies and present some opportunities and directions for future research work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22155836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T02:12:39Z","timestamp":1659665559000},"page":"5836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Key Challenges and Emerging Technologies in Industrial IoT Architectures: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0207-5773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akseer Ali","family":"Mirani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IMaR Research Centre, Munster Technological University, V92 CX88 Tralee, Ireland"},{"name":"CONFIRM Research Centre, Unit 2 Park Point, Dublin Road, Castletroy, V94 C928 Limerick, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2177-6348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo","family":"Velasco-Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMaR Research Centre, Munster Technological University, V92 CX88 Tralee, Ireland"},{"name":"Lero, The Irish Software Research Centre, Tierney Building, University of Limerick, V94 NYD3 Limerick, Ireland"}]},{"given":"Anshul","family":"Awasthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMaR Research Centre, Munster Technological University, V92 CX88 Tralee, Ireland"},{"name":"CONFIRM Research Centre, Unit 2 Park Point, Dublin Road, Castletroy, V94 C928 Limerick, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6756-3700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMaR Research Centre, Munster Technological University, V92 CX88 Tralee, Ireland"},{"name":"CONFIRM Research Centre, Unit 2 Park Point, Dublin Road, Castletroy, V94 C928 Limerick, Ireland"},{"name":"Lero, The Irish Software Research Centre, Tierney Building, University of Limerick, V94 NYD3 Limerick, Ireland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srinadh, V., Srinivasa Rao, M., Ranjan Sahoo, M., and Rameshchandra, K. 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