{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T18:31:52Z","timestamp":1783189912434,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UCD Wellcome Institutional Strategic Support Fund","award":["204844\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["204844\/Z\/16\/Z"]}]},{"name":"UCD Wellcome Institutional Strategic Support Fund","award":["SFI\/12\/RC\/2289_P2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFI\/12\/RC\/2289_P2"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland (SFI)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["204844\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["204844\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland (SFI)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFI\/12\/RC\/2289_P2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFI\/12\/RC\/2289_P2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["204844\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["204844\/Z\/16\/Z"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["SFI\/12\/RC\/2289_P2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFI\/12\/RC\/2289_P2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Circadian rhythms are a process of the sleep-wake cycle that regulates the physical, mental and behavioural changes in all living beings with a period of roughly 24 h. Wearable accelerometers are typically used in livestock applications to record animal movement from which we can estimate the activity type. Here, we use the overall movement recorded by accelerometers worn on the necks of newborn calves for a period of 8 weeks. From the movement data, we calculate 24 h periodicity intensities corresponding to circadian rhythms, from a 7-day window that slides through up to 8-weeks of data logging. The strength or intensity of the 24 h periodicity is computed at intervals as the calves become older, which is an indicator of individual calf welfare. We observe that the intensities of these 24 h periodicities for individual calves, derived from movement data, increase and decrease synchronously in a herd of 19 calves. Our results show that external factors affecting the welfare of the herd can be observed by processing and visualising movement data in this way and our method reveals insights that are not observable from movement data alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22155843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T02:12:39Z","timestamp":1659665559000},"page":"5843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Periodicity Intensity of the 24 h Circadian Rhythm in Newborn Calves Show Indicators of Herd Welfare"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6638-5981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Rhodes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Maguire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghana","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4984-4031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Conor","family":"McAloon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1028-8389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan F.","family":"Smeaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland"},{"name":"Insight Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/09291010600903692","article-title":"Procedures for numerical analysis of circadian rhythms","volume":"38","author":"Refinetti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. 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