{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T01:52:52Z","timestamp":1776736372991,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The industrial development of technology, with appropriate adaptation, enables us to discover possibilities in sport training control. Therefore, we have developed a new approach to linear running analysis. This study aims to determine the measurement possibilities using an LDM301A laser system in obtaining basic kinematic parameters. The second goal is the application of specialized computer programs based on appropriate algorithms to calculate a vast number of variables that can be used to adjust the training and the rivalry. It is a non-invasive, non-contact measurement method. We can also determine the influence of both subjective and objective external factors. In this way, we can also conduct training with real-time scientific feedback. This method is easy to use and requires very little time to set up and use. The efficiency and running economy can be calculated with various time, speed, acceleration, and length indexes. Calculating the symmetries between the left and right leg in velocity, stride lengths, support phase times, flight phase times, and step frequency are possible. Using the laser measurement method and detailed kinematic analysis may constitute a new chapter in measuring speed. However, it still has to compete with classic photocell measurement methods. This is mainly due to their high frequency of measurement used, despite some reservations about the scale of measurement errors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22155876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T04:16:55Z","timestamp":1660018615000},"page":"5876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Application of the Laser Linear Distance-Speed-Acceleration Measurement System and Sport Kinematic Analysis Software"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Stanko","family":"\u0160tuhec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Gortanova 22, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Planj\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ljubljana School of Business, Management and Informatics, Tr\u017ea\u0161ka cesta 42, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8081-8336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Ptak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Lukasiewicza 7\/9, 50-371 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"\u010coh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Gortanova 22, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6750-4316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Mackala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Science, Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199213060-00002","article-title":"Biomechanics of Sprint Running","volume":"13","author":"Mero","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"161","article-title":"Some reflections on maximum speed sprinting technique","volume":"11","author":"Vonstein","year":"1996","journal-title":"New Stud. Athl."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1152\/physiologyonline.1997.12.3.131","article-title":"Physiology and Biophysics of the 100-m Sprint","volume":"12","author":"Summers","year":"1997","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2478\/v10078-010-0051-0","article-title":"Biomechanical, Neuro-muscular and Methodical Aspects of Running Speed Development","volume":"26","author":"Coh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000853","article-title":"Acute Effects of Plyometric Intervention\u2014Performance Improvement and Related Changes in Sprinting Gait Variability","volume":"29","author":"Fostiak","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mackala, K., Fostiak, M., Schweyen, B., Osik, T., and Coch, M. (2019). Acute Effects of a Speed Training Program on Sprinting Step Kinematics and Performance. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16173138"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Latash, M.L. (2000). Control of Human Movement, Human Kinetics."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00421652","article-title":"V Force-, EMG-, and elasticity-velocity relationships at submaximal, maximal and supramaximal running speeds in sprinters","volume":"55","author":"Mero","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199508000-00015","article-title":"Influence of high-resistance and high-velocity training on sprint performance","volume":"27","author":"Delecluse","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Luhtanen, P., and Komi, P. (1978). Mechanical Factors Influencing Running Speed, University Park Press."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318226030b","article-title":"The Difference Is in the Start: Impact of Timing and Start Procedure on Sprint Running Performance","volume":"26","author":"Haugen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1301313","article-title":"Measurement Error in Estimates of Sprint Velocity from a Laser Displacement Measurement Device","volume":"33","author":"Bezodis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Parrington, L., Phillips, E., Wong, A., Finch, M., Wain, E., and MacMahon, C. (2016, January 18\u201322). Validation of inertial measurement units for tracking 100m sprint data. Proceedings of the ISBS-Conference Proceedings Archive, Tsukuba, Japan."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s12283-010-0043-2","article-title":"Validation of trunk mounted inertial sensors for analysing running biomechanics under field conditions, using synchronously collected foot contact data","volume":"12","author":"Wixted","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sport. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Zatsiorsky, V., and Vladimir, M. (2020). Science and Practice of Strength Training, Human Kinetics."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1080\/00336297.1986.10483843","article-title":"Biomechanics: A Qualitative Approach for Studying Human Movement","volume":"38","author":"Krause","year":"1986","journal-title":"Quest"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashton, J., and Jones, P.A. (2019). The Reliability of Using a Laser Device to Assess Deceleration Ability. Sports, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports7080191"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.07.005","article-title":"Validity of a low-cost laser with freely available software for improving measurement of walking and running speed","volume":"22","author":"Clark","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.689341","article-title":"Assessment of Sprint Parameters in Top Speed Interval in 100 m Sprint\u2014A Pilot Study Under Field Conditions","volume":"3","author":"Seidl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Sport. Act. Living"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410802422181","article-title":"The validity of a non-differential global positioning system for assessing player movement patterns in field hockey","volume":"27","author":"MacLeod","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.015","article-title":"Validity and reliability of GPS devices for measuring movement demands of team sports","volume":"13","author":"Coutts","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200003000-00014","article-title":"Assessment of speed of human locomotion using a differential satellite global positioning system","volume":"32","author":"Schutz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"75","article-title":"Predicting sprint kinematic parameters from anaerobic field tests in physical education students","volume":"15","author":"Berthoin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1519\/R-17084.1","article-title":"The Reliability of Ten-Meter Sprint Time Using Different Starting Techniques","volume":"20","author":"Duthie","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2009.02.005","article-title":"The validity and reliability of a global positioning satellite system device to assess speed and repeated sprint ability (RSA) in athletes","volume":"13","author":"Coutts","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2011.05.065","article-title":"Inertial sensor, 3D and 2D assessment of stroke phases in freestyle swimming","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"51","article-title":"The development of stride length and stride frequency in sprinting","volume":"10","author":"Donati","year":"1995","journal-title":"New Stud. Athl."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Delecluse, C. (1998, January 21\u201325). Stride characteristics related to running velocity in maximal sprint running. Proceedings of the Proceedings II of XVI International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, Konstanz, Germany."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/15\/5876\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:04:53Z","timestamp":1760141093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/15\/5876"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s22155876"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22155876","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]]}}}