{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T08:15:39Z","timestamp":1772525739937,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,6]],"date-time":"2022-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Programme for Public Education Development, Hungarian Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"National Laboratory for Social Innovation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main objective of the present study is to highlight the role of technological (soft sensor) methodologies in the assessment of the neurocognitive dysfunctions specific to neurodevelopmental disorders (for example, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and specific learning disorder). In many cases neurocognitive dysfunctions can be detected in neurodevelopmental disorders, some of them having a well-defined syndrome-specific clinical pattern. A number of evidence-based neuropsychological batteries are available for identifying these domain-specific functions. Atypical patterns of cognitive functions such as executive functions are present in almost all developmental disorders. In this paper, we present a novel adaptation of the Tower of London Test, a widely used neuropsychological test for assessing executive functions (in particular planning and problem-solving). Our version, the Tower of London Adaptive Test, is based on computer adaptive test theory (CAT). Adaptive testing using novel algorithms and parameterized task banks allows the immediate evaluation of the participant\u2019s response which in turn determines the next task\u2019s difficulty level. In this manner, the subsequent item is adjusted to the participant\u2019s estimated capability. The adaptive procedure enhances the original test\u2019s diagnostic power and sensitivity. By measuring the targeted cognitive capacity and its limitations more precisely, it leads to more accurate diagnoses. In some developmental disorders (e.g., ADHD, ASD) it could be very useful in improving the diagnosis, planning the right interventions, and choosing the most suitable assistive digital technological service.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22155880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T04:16:55Z","timestamp":1660018615000},"page":"5880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Development of an Adaptive Computer-Aided Soft Sensor Diagnosis System for Assessment of Executive Functions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8896-1310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katalin","family":"Mohai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"B\u00e1rczi Guszt\u00e1v Faculty of Special Needs Education, Institute for the Psychology of Special Needs, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Ecseri \u00fat 3, 1097 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4204-2319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Csilla","family":"K\u00e1l\u00f3zi-Szab\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B\u00e1rczi Guszt\u00e1v Faculty of Special Needs Education, Institute for the Psychology of Special Needs, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Ecseri \u00fat 3, 1097 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8357-2642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Jakab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B\u00e1rczi Guszt\u00e1v Faculty of Special Needs Education, Institute for the Psychology of Special Needs, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Ecseri \u00fat 3, 1097 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Szil\u00e1rd D\u00e1vid","family":"Fecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Informatics, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P. S\u00e9t\u00e1ny 1\/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1429-6709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rk","family":"Domonkos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Informatics, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P. S\u00e9t\u00e1ny 1\/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7838-6148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e1nos","family":"Botzheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Informatics, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P. S\u00e9t\u00e1ny 1\/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ernst, G.W., and Newell, A. (1969). 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