{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T07:23:09Z","timestamp":1773300189686,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015550","name":"the MINISTRY of HEALTH in POLAND","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUBZ.E060.22.099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.E060.22.099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The number of patients with unilateral above-knee amputation (AKA) due to non-vascular causes has remained stable over the years, at 0.92 per 1000 people per year. Post-AKA individuals are at risk of experiencing a higher incidence of chronic pain. Post rehabilitation, it is estimated that between 16\u201362% of patients with musculoskeletal disabilities fail to meet the minimum criteria for physical activity in comparison to a healthy population. The current study included 14 participants (11 men and 3 women) with a mean age of 46.1 \u00b1 14.2 years, body height of 1.76 \u00b1 0.09 m, and weight of 79.6 \u00b1 18.3 kg, who were all post-unilateral above-the-knee amputees. Patients in the study were divided into two groups: active (AC) and non-active (NAC). This study was conducted in a certified Laboratory of Biomechanical Analysis using the BTS Smart-E system (BTS Bioengineering). In order to investigate the symmetry function (SF) of gait, the only measurements included were the time series assessment of gait variables defining pelvic and lower limb joint motion and ground reaction forces (GRF). Both groups had an asymmetrical gait pattern with a different magnitude and relative position in the gait cycle, which was revealed by SF. The differences in terms of median, minimum, and maximum were statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05), with SF ranging from \u201325 to 24% for the AC group and from 43 to 77% (59% on average) for the NAC group. The AC\u2019s pattern was more symmetrical compared to the NAC\u2019s pattern, especially in the case of pelvic and hip joint motion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22165933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T04:20:32Z","timestamp":1660105232000},"page":"5933","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Symmetry Function: The Differences between Active and Non-Active Above-the-Knee Amputees"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Kowal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6109-7510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Winiarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomechanics, University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Gieysztor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6646-3652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Ko\u0142cz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Ergonomics and Biomedical Monitoring Laboratory, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilias","family":"Dumas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4296-7052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Paprocka-Borowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999.0000000000000166","article-title":"Etiology of Above-knee Amputations in the United States: Is Periprosthetic Joint Infection an Emerging Cause?","volume":"476","author":"George","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. 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