{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:58:22Z","timestamp":1760230702086,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFI\/12\/RC\/2289_P2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFI\/12\/RC\/2289_P2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["SFI\/12\/RC\/2289_P2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFI\/12\/RC\/2289_P2"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Computing at Dublin City University","award":["SFI\/12\/RC\/2289_P2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFI\/12\/RC\/2289_P2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we investigate different scenarios of anomaly detection on decentralised Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Specifically, an anomaly detector is devised to detect different types of anomalies for an IoT data management system, based on the decentralised alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM), which was proposed in our previous work. The anomaly detector only requires limited information from the IoT system, and can be operated using both a mathematical-rule-based approach and the deep learning approach proposed in the paper. Our experimental results show that detection based on mathematical approach is simple to implement, but it also comes with lower detection accuracy (78.88%). In contrast, the deep-learning-enabled approach can easily achieve a higher detection accuracy (96.28%) in the real world working environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22165945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T04:20:32Z","timestamp":1660105232000},"page":"5945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Real-Time Anomaly Detection for an ADMM-Based Optimal Transmission Frequency Management System for IoT Devices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2038-1002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongde","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4033-9135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noel E.","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland"},{"name":"Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Bruton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3461-2385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8988-2104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland"},{"name":"Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.4236\/jcc.2015.35021","article-title":"Internet of Things (IoT): A literature review","volume":"3","author":"Madakam","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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