{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T16:43:03Z","timestamp":1776357783872,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n de Espa\u00f1a\u2014Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","award":["PID2020-117251RB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-117251RB-C21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A transimpedance amplifier (TIA) based on a voltage conveyor structure designed for high gain, low noise, low distortion, and low power consumption is presented in this work. Following a second-generation voltage conveyor topology, the current and voltage blocks are a regulated cascode amplifier and a down converter buffer, respectively. The proposed voltage buffer is designed for low distortion and low power consumption, whereas the regulated cascode is designed for low noise and high gain. The resulting TIA was fabricated in 65 nm CMOS technology for logic and mixed-mode designs, using low-threshold voltage transistors and a supply voltage of \u00b11.2 V. It exhibited a 52 dB\u03a9 transimpedance gain and a 1.1 GHz bandwidth, consuming 55.3 mW using a \u00b11.2 V supply. Our preamplifier stage, based on a regulated cascode, was designed considering detector capacitance, bonding wire, and packaging capacitance. The voltage buffer was designed for low-power consumption and low distortion. The measured input-referred noise of the TIA was 22 pA\/\u221aHz. The obtained total harmonic distortion of the TIA was close to 5%. In addition, the group delay is constant for the considered bandwidth. Comparisons against published results in terms of area (A), power consumption (P), bandwidth (BW), transimpedance gain (G), and noise (N) are were performed. Both figures of merit FoMs\u2014the ratio \u221a (G \u00d7 BW) and P \u00d7 A\u2014and FoM\/N values demostrated the advantages of the proposed approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22165997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T23:05:49Z","timestamp":1660259149000},"page":"5997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["High Gain, Low Noise and Power Transimpedance Amplifier Based on Second Generation Voltage Conveyor in 65 nm CMOS Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3907-5141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 C.","family":"Garc\u00eda-Montesdeoca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Microelectronics, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4323-8097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan A.","family":"Montiel-Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Microelectronics, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1838-3073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Microelectronics, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1039\/C7AN00277G","article-title":"Charge detection mass spectrometry: Weighing heavier things","volume":"142","author":"Keiferer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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