{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T21:00:03Z","timestamp":1765486803027,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Teledyne DALSA","award":["TKP2021-NKTA-42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP2021-NKTA-42"]}]},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)","award":["TKP2021-NKTA-42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP2021-NKTA-42"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development, and Innovation Fund of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology, Hungary","award":["TKP2021-NKTA-42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP2021-NKTA-42"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lead oxide (PbO) photoconductors are proposed as X-ray-to-charge transducers for the next generation of direct conversion digital X-ray detectors. Optimized PbO-based detectors have potential for utilization in high-energy and dynamic applications of medical X-ray imaging. Two polymorphs of PbO have been considered so far for imaging applications: polycrystalline lead oxide (poly-PbO) and amorphous lead oxide (a-PbO). Here, we provide the comparative analysis of two PbO-based single-pixel X-ray detector prototypes: one prototype employs only a layer of a-PbO as the photoconductor while the other has a combination of a-PbO and poly-PbO, forming a photoconductive bilayer structure of the same overall thickness as in the first prototype. We characterize the performance of these prototypes in terms of electron\u2013hole creation energy (W\u00b1) and signal lag\u2014major properties that define a material\u2019s suitability for low-dose real-time imaging. The results demonstrate that both X-ray photoconductive structures have an adequate temporal response suitable for real-time X-ray imaging, combined with high intrinsic sensitivity. These results are discussed in the context of structural and morphological properties of PbO to better understand the preparation\u2013fabrication\u2013property relationships of this material.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22165998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T23:05:49Z","timestamp":1660259149000},"page":"5998","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Multilayer Lead Oxide-Based X-ray Detector Prototypes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"Pineau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7927-0171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleksandr","family":"Grynko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8388-9244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tristen","family":"Thibault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Alexandrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8173-9653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Attila","family":"Cs\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Nuclear Research, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary"}]},{"given":"S\u00e1ndor","family":"K\u00f6k\u00e9nyesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Debrecen, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Alla","family":"Reznik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada"},{"name":"Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 6V4, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5112","DOI":"10.3390\/s110505112","article-title":"Amorphous and Polycrystalline Photoconductors for Direct Conversion Flat Panel X-Ray Image Sensors","volume":"11","author":"Kasap","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasap, S.O. 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