{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T15:45:03Z","timestamp":1774539903820,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Creativity and Management Office, Universiti Sains Malaysia"},{"name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the significant rise in demand for network utilization, such as data transmission and device-to-device (D2D) communication, fifth-generation (5G) networks have been proposed to fill the demand. Deploying 5G enhances the utilization of network channels and allows users to exploit licensed channels in the absence of primary users (PUs). In this paper, a hybrid route selection mechanism is proposed, and it allows the central controller (CC) to evaluate the route map proactively in a centralized manner for source nodes. In contrast, source nodes are enabled to make their own decisions reactively and select a route in a distributed manner. D2D communication is preferred, which helps networks to offload traffic from the control plane to the data plane. In addition to the theoretical analysis, a real testbed was set up for the proof of concept; it was composed of eleven nodes with independent processing units. Experiment results showed improvements in traffic offloading, higher utilization of network channels, and a lower interference level between primary and secondary users. Packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay were affected due to a higher number of intermediate nodes and the dynamicity of PU activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22166021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T23:44:03Z","timestamp":1660607043000},"page":"6021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Hybrid Route Selection Scheme for 5G Network Scenarios: An Experimental Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3836-4443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Kazem","family":"Chamran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing and Information Systems, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3110-2782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kok-Lim Alvin","family":"Yau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering & Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Kajang 43200, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mee Hong","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing and Information Systems, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1750-7441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung-Wey","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Advanced IPv6 Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang 11800, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhari, A., and Murthy, C.S.R. (2017, January 15\u201319). Femto-to-Femto ( F2F ) Communication: The Next Evolution Step in 5G Wireless Backhauling. Proceedings of the 2017 15th International Symposium on Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc, and Wireless Networks (WiOpt), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.23919\/WIOPT.2017.7959917"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2710718","article-title":"Effective Design of Multi-User Reception and Fronthaul Rate Allocation in 5G Cloud RAN","volume":"8716","author":"Boviz","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"6569","article-title":"QoE-Driven Channel Allocation and Handoff Management for Seamless Multimedia in Cognitive 5G Cellular Networks","volume":"66","author":"Tran","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sucasas, V., Radwan, A., Mumtaz, S., and Rodriguez, J. (2015, January 25\u201328). Effect of noisy channels in MAC-based SSDF counter-mechanisms for 5G cognitive radio networks. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems, Brussels, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWCS.2015.7454447"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2015.7368825","article-title":"When SDR meets a 5G candidate waveform: Agile use of fragmented spectrum and interference protection in PMR networks","volume":"22","author":"Bartzoudis","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2016.2524209","article-title":"Data Plane and Control Architectures for 5G Transport Networks","volume":"34","author":"Skubic","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Carrasco, \u00d3., Miatton, F., D\u00edaz, S., Herzog, U., Frascolla, V., Briggs, K., Miscopein, B., Domenico, A.D., and Georgakopoulos, A. (2017). Centralized Radio Resource Management for 5G small cells as LSA enabler. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2918","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2016.2615184","article-title":"Near-Optimal Routing Protection for In-Band Software-Defined Heterogeneous Networks","volume":"34","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Ambriz, S.J.G., Mendez, R.M., and Angeles, M.E.R. (2016, January 26\u201330). 5GTraDis: A novel traffic distribution mechanism for 5G Heterogeneous Networks. Proceedings of the 2016 13th International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Computing Science and Automatic Control, CCE 2016, Mexico City, Mexico."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2556011","article-title":"5G Backhaul Challenges and Emerging Research Directions: A Survey","volume":"4","author":"Jaber","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2017.1600307","article-title":"Ultra-Dense Heterogeneous Small Cell Deployment in 5G and Beyond Cooperative Hierarchical Caching in 5G Cloud Radio Access Networks","volume":"31","author":"Tran","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2016.7422408","article-title":"5G Ultra-Dense Cellular Networks","volume":"23","author":"Ge","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wassie, D.A., Berardinelli, G., Catania, D., and Tavares, F.M.L. (2015, January 6\u20139). Experimental Evaluation of Interference Suppression Receivers and Rank Adaptation in 5G Small Cells. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 82nd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2015-Fall), Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2015.7390943"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wassie, D.A., Berardinelli, G., and Tavares, F.M.L. (2015, January 11\u201314). Experimental Verification of Interference Mitigation techniques for 5G Small Cells. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 81st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Glasgow, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCSpring.2015.7145835"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, W.K., Shieh, C.S., Chou, F.S., and Hsu, C.Y. (2020, January 26\u201329). Handover Management for D2D Communication in 5G Networks. Proceedings of the 2020 2nd International Conference on Computer Communication and the Internet, ICCCI 2020, Nagoya, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCI49374.2020.9145969"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouali, K., Kassar, M., Nguyen, T.M.T., Sethom, K., and Kervella, B. (2020, January 10\u201313). An efficient D2D handover management scheme for SDN-based 5G networks. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 17th Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC46108.2020.9045534"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okasaka, S., Weiler, R.J., Keusgen, W., Pudeyev, A., Maltsev, A., Karls, I., and Sakaguchi, K. (2016). Proof-of-concept of a millimeter-wave integrated heterogeneous network for 5G cellular. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16091362"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2016.1500108WC","article-title":"Broadband Hybrid Satellite-Terrestrial Communication Systems Based on Cognitive Radio toward 5G","volume":"23","author":"Jia","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7120047","article-title":"Content distribution over content centric mobile social networks in 5G","volume":"53","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soltani, S., Sagduyu, Y., Shi, Y., Li, J., Feldman, J., and Matyjas, J. (2015, January 26\u201328). Distributed Cognitive Radio Network Architecture, SDR Implementation and Emulation Testbed. Proceedings of the MILCOM 2015\u20142015 IEEE Military Communications Conference, Tampa, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2015.7357482"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, J., and Song, W. (2014, January 8\u201312). Evolving to 5G: A Fast and Near-optimal Request Routing Protocol for Mobile Core Networks. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2014.7037531"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2705720","article-title":"On Multi-Access Edge Computing: A Survey of the Emerging 5G Network Edge Architecture & Orchestration","volume":"19","author":"Taleb","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"294","article-title":"Efficient Signal Detection for Cognitive Radio Relay Networks Under Imperfect Channel Estimation","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Trans. Telecommun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30387","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2973023","article-title":"An Unsupervised Deep Learning Model for Early Network Traffic Anomaly Detection","volume":"8","author":"Hwang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caron, M., Bojanowski, P., Joulin, A., and Douze, M. (2018, January 8\u201314). Deep clustering for unsupervised learning of visual features. Proceedings of the European conference on computer vision (ECCV), Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01264-9_9"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3390\/telecom3010005","article-title":"An unsupervised machine learning approach for UAV-aided offloading of 5G cellular networks","volume":"3","author":"Tsipi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Telecom"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2015.08.019","article-title":"SMART: A SpectruM-Aware ClusteR-based rouTing scheme for distributed cognitive radio networks","volume":"91","author":"Saleem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2017.1600117","article-title":"Clustering and Reinforcement - Learning-Based Routing for Cognitive Radio Networks","volume":"24","author":"Saleem","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2016.2610408","article-title":"Delay-Minimized Routing in Mobile Cognitive Networks for Time-Critical Automation Applications","volume":"13","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Khatib, R.F.E., and Salameh, H.B. (2017, January 8\u201311). A Routing Scheme for Cognitive Radio Networks with Self-Interference Suppression Capabilities. Proceedings of the 2017 Fourth International Conference on Software Defined Systems (SDS), Valencia, Spain."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2015.2480063","article-title":"Optimizing Video Request Routing in Mobile Networks with Built-in Content Caching","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, J., Orlik, P., Parsons, K., Ishibashi, K., and Takita, D. (2015, January 6\u201310). Resource aware routing protocol in heterogeneous wireless machine-to-machine networks. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Global Communications Conference, GLOBECOM 2015, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2015.7417203"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rakshith, K., and Rao, M. (2017, January 25\u201326). Routing Protocol for Device-to-Device Communication in SoftNet Towards 5G. Proceedings of the Information and Communication Technology for Intelligent Systems (ICTIS 2017), Ahmedabad, India.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-63645-0_5"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83900","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2924245","article-title":"Distributed resource allocation for D2D-Assisted small cell networks with heterogeneous spectrum","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"269","article-title":"A Note on Two Problems in Connexion with Graphs","volume":"Volume 271","author":"Dijkstra","year":"1959","journal-title":"Edsger Wybe Dijkstra: His Life, Work, and Legacy"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2018.1800037","article-title":"Integration of Satellite and 5G Networks Satellite-5G Integration: A Network Perspective","volume":"32","author":"Giambene","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3073","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2017.2717441","article-title":"Joint Route Selection and Update Scheduling for Low-Latency Update in SDNs","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-016-1229-8","article-title":"An efficient cooperative hybrid routing protocol for hybrid wireless mesh networks","volume":"23","author":"Chai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1109\/CC.2013.6633748","article-title":"Cooperative layer-2 based routing approach for hybrid wireless mesh networks","volume":"10","author":"Ariza","year":"2013","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2016.2585759","article-title":"SDN Partitioning: A Centralized Control Plane for Distributed Routing Protocols","volume":"13","author":"Caria","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7158269","article-title":"Virtualized cognitive network architecture for 5G cellular networks","volume":"53","author":"ElSawy","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walikar, G., Biradar, R., and Geetha, D. (2016, January 19\u201321). Topology based adaptive hybrid multicast routing in mobile ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International WIE Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (WIECON-ECE), Pune, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/WIECON-ECE.2016.8009111"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2014.2346782","article-title":"Performance comparison of routing protocols for cognitive radio networks","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, X., Lu, D., Li, P., and Fang, Y. (2011, January 20\u201324). Coolest Path: Spectrum Mobility Aware Routing Metrics in Cognitive Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of the 2011 31st International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2011.34"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ihara, Y., Kremo, H., Altintas, O., Tanaka, H., Ohtake, M., Fujii, T., Yoshimura, C., Ando, K., Tsukamoto, K., and Tsuru, M. (2013, January 11\u201314). Distributed autonomous multi-hop vehicle-to-vehicle communications over TV white space. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 10th Consumer Communications and Networking Conference, CCNC 2013, Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC.2013.6488467"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6304","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2613122","article-title":"Route selection for multi-hop cognitive radio networks using reinforcement learning: An experimental study","volume":"4","author":"Syed","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McAuley, A., Sinkar, K., Kant, L., Graff, C., and Patel, M. (2012, January 1\u20134). Tuning of reinforcement learning parameters applied to OLSR using a cognitive network design tool. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2012.6214275"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Briand, A., Albert, B.B., and Gurjao, E.C. (2012, January 5\u20137). Complete software defined RFID system using GNU radio. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on RFID-Technologies and Applications (RFID-TA), Nice, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/RFID-TA.2012.6404531"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9604","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2634038","article-title":"Software Defined Radio Implementation of a Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access System towards 5G","volume":"4","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1145\/2724928.2724932","article-title":"Joint energy-and-bandwidth spectrum sensing with GNU radio and USRP","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACM SIGAPP Appl. Comput. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elsayed, M.H.M. (2015, January 27\u201329). Distributed interference management using Q-Learning in Cognitive Femtocell networks: New USRP-based Implementation. Proceedings of the 2015 7th International Conference on New Technologies, Mobility and Security (NTMS), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/NTMS.2015.7266488"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2015.7368821","article-title":"An open source SDR-based NOMA system for 5G networks","volume":"22","author":"Xiong","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chamran, M.K., Yau, K.l.A., and Noor, R. (2021). An Experimental Study on D2D Route Selection Mechanism in 5G Scenarios. Electronics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10040387"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yarnagula, H.K., Deka, S.K., and Sarma, N. (2013, January 15\u201318). Distributed TDMA based MAC protocol for data dissemination in ad-hoc Cognitive Radio networks. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Networks and Telecommunications Systems, ANTS 2013, Kattankulathur, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ANTS.2013.6802855"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elwhishi, A., Ho, P.H., Naik, K., and Shihada, B. (2010, January 11\u201313). ARBR: Adaptive reinforcement-based routing for DTN. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE 6th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications, WiMob\u20192010, Niagara Falls, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/WIMOB.2010.5645040"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habak, K., Abdelatif, M., Hagrass, H., and Rizc, K. (2013, January 28\u201331). A Location-Aided Routing Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks. Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCNC.2013.6504178"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-013-0592-y","article-title":"Reinforcement learning based routing in wireless mesh networks","volume":"19","author":"Boushaba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/16\/6021\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:07:46Z","timestamp":1760141266000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/16\/6021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s22166021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22166021","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]}}}