{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T21:01:31Z","timestamp":1774040491233,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,13]],"date-time":"2022-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA28110502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA28110502"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["20210201044GX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210201044GX"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["20210404020NC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210404020NC"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["JJKH20220330KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20220330KJ"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["JJKH20200328KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20200328KJ"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin province","award":["XDA28110502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA28110502"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin province","award":["20210201044GX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210201044GX"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin province","award":["20210404020NC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210404020NC"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin province","award":["JJKH20220330KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20220330KJ"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin province","award":["JJKH20200328KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20200328KJ"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Project of Education Department of Jilin Province","award":["XDA28110502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA28110502"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Project of Education Department of Jilin Province","award":["20210201044GX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210201044GX"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Project of Education Department of Jilin Province","award":["20210404020NC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210404020NC"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Project of Education Department of Jilin Province","award":["JJKH20220330KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20220330KJ"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Project of Education Department of Jilin Province","award":["JJKH20200328KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20200328KJ"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mildew of maize seeds may affect their germination rates and reduce crop quality. It is crucial to classify maize seeds efficiently and without destroying their original structure. This study aimed to establish hyperspectral datasets using hyperspectral imaging (HSI) of maize seeds with different degrees of mildew and then classify them using spectral characteristics and machine learning algorithms. Initially, the images were processed with Otus and morphological operations. Each seed\u2019s spectral features were extracted based on its coding, its edge, region of interest (ROI), and original pixel coding. Random forest (RF) models were optimized using the sparrow search algorithm (SSA), which is incapable of escaping the local optimum; hence, it was optimized using a modified reverse sparrow search algorithm (JYSSA) strategy. This reverse strategy selects the top 10% as the elite group, allowing us to escape from local optima while simultaneously expanding the range of the sparrow search algorithm\u2019s optimal solution. Finally, the JYSSA-RF algorithm was applied to the validation set, with 96% classification accuracy, 100% precision, and a 93% recall rate. This study provides novel ideas for future nondestructive detection of seeds and moldy seed selection by combining hyperspectral imaging and JYSSA algorithms based on optimized RF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22166064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T23:44:03Z","timestamp":1660607043000},"page":"6064","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Nondestructive Classification of Maize Moldy Seeds by Hyperspectral Imaging and Optimal Machine Learning Algorithms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2946-1006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yating","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7302-8042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"},{"name":"Changchun Jingyuetan Remote Sensing Test Site, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xigang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanlin","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-018-1340-4","article-title":"PLD\u03b11-knockdown soybean seeds display higher unsaturated glycerolipid contents and seed vigor in high temperature and humidity environments","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotechnol. 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