{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T14:50:03Z","timestamp":1774968603435,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,14]],"date-time":"2022-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006376","name":"Universiti Kuala Lumpur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["str20017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["str20017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006376","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Automatic leaf disease detection techniques are effective for reducing the time-consuming effort of monitoring large crop farms and early identification of disease symptoms of plant leaves. Although crop tomatoes are seen to be susceptible to a variety of diseases that can reduce the production of the crop. In recent years, advanced deep learning methods show successful applications for plant disease detection based on observed symptoms on leaves. However, these methods have some limitations. This study proposed a high-performance tomato leaf disease detection approach, namely attention-based dilated CNN logistic regression (ADCLR). Firstly, we develop a new feature extraction method using attention-based dilated CNN to extract most relevant features in a faster time. In our preprocessing, we use Bilateral filtering to handle larger features to make the image smoother and the Ostu image segmentation process to remove noise in a fast and simple way. In this proposed method, we preprocess the image with bilateral filtering and Otsu segmentation. Then, we use the Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (CGAN) model to generate a synthetic image from the image which is preprocessed in the previous stage. The synthetic image is generated to handle imbalance and noisy or wrongly labeled data to obtain good prediction results. Then, the extracted features are normalized to lower the dimensionality. Finally, extracted features from preprocessed data are combined and then classified using fast and simple logistic regression (LR) classifier. The experimental outcomes show the state-of-the-art performance on the Plant Village database of tomato leaf disease by achieving 100%, 100%, 96.6% training, testing, and validation accuracy, respectively, for multiclass. From the experimental analysis, it is clearly demonstrated that the proposed multimodal approach can be utilized to detect tomato leaf disease precisely, simply and quickly. We have a potential plan to improve the model to make it cloud-based automated leaf disease classification for different plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22166079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T23:44:03Z","timestamp":1660607043000},"page":"6079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Multimodal Hybrid Deep Learning Approach to Detect Tomato Leaf Disease Using Attention Based Dilated Convolution Feature Extractor with Logistic Regression Classification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2597-4050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Shofiqul","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computing, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Sunjida","family":"Sultana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineeering, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2625-2348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahmid Al","family":"Farid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya 63100, Selangor, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1552-0335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Nahidul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan 26600, Pahang, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4958-6041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mamunur","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan 26600, Pahang, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Bifta Sama","family":"Bari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan 26600, Pahang, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9838-2892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noramiza","family":"Hashim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya 63100, Selangor, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3791-2436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Nizam","family":"Husen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaysian Institute of Information Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur 50250, Selangor, Malaysia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gangadevi, G., and Jayakumar, C. 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