{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T19:16:31Z","timestamp":1781032591086,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have recently been viewed as the basic architecture that prepared the way for the Internet of Things (IoT) to arise. Nevertheless, when WSNs are linked with the IoT, a difficult issue arises due to excessive energy utilization in their nodes and short network longevity. As a result, energy constraints in sensor nodes, sensor data sharing and routing protocols are the fundamental topics in WSN. This research presents an enhanced smart-energy-efficient routing protocol (ESEERP) technique that extends the lifetime of the network and improves its connection to meet the aforementioned deficiencies. It selects the Cluster Head (CH) depending on an efficient optimization method derived from several purposes. It aids in the reduction of sleepy sensor nodes and decreases energy utilization. A Sail Fish Optimizer (SFO) is used to find an appropriate route to the sink node for data transfer following CH selection. Regarding energy utilization, bandwidth, packet delivery ratio and network longevity, the proposed methodology is mathematically studied, and the results have been compared to identical current approaches such as a Genetic algorithm (GA), Ant Lion optimization (ALO) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The simulation shows that in the proposed approach for the longevity of the network, there are 3500 rounds; energy utilization achieves a maximum of 0.5 Joules; bandwidth transmits the data at the rate of 0.52 MBPS; the packet delivery ratio (PDR) is at the rate of 96% for 500 nodes, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22166109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T03:40:32Z","timestamp":1660621232000},"page":"6109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["ESEERP: Enhanced Smart Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Internet of Things in Wireless Sensor Nodes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Roopali","family":"Dogra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8474-9435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shalli","family":"Rani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5422-1659","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Kavita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6859-670X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"Shafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Arts and Science, Prince Sattam bin Abdul Aziz University, Wadi Ad Dawasir 11991, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2664-3632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"SeongKi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre of Excellence in Software, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5206-272X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Fazal","family":"Ijaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"100406","article-title":"MCH-EOR: Multi-objective cluster head based energy-aware optimized routing algorithm in wireless sensor networks","volume":"28","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. 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