{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T15:58:00Z","timestamp":1769011080263,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Doctoral grant competition VSB\u2014Technical University of Ostrava","award":["CZ.02.2.69\/0.0\/0.0\/19 073\/0016945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.2.69\/0.0\/0.0\/19 073\/0016945"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral grant competition VSB\u2014Technical University of Ostrava","award":["DGS\/TEAM\/2020-017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGS\/TEAM\/2020-017"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral grant competition VSB\u2014Technical University of Ostrava","award":["TN01000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TN01000007"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral grant competition VSB\u2014Technical University of Ostrava","award":["TURSP 2020\/34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TURSP 2020\/34"]}]},{"name":"Operational Programme Research, Development and Education","award":["CZ.02.2.69\/0.0\/0.0\/19 073\/0016945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.2.69\/0.0\/0.0\/19 073\/0016945"]}]},{"name":"Operational Programme Research, Development and Education","award":["DGS\/TEAM\/2020-017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGS\/TEAM\/2020-017"]}]},{"name":"Operational Programme Research, Development and Education","award":["TN01000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TN01000007"]}]},{"name":"Operational Programme Research, Development and Education","award":["TURSP 2020\/34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TURSP 2020\/34"]}]},{"name":"FV40411 Optimization of process intelligence of parking system for Smart City","award":["CZ.02.2.69\/0.0\/0.0\/19 073\/0016945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.2.69\/0.0\/0.0\/19 073\/0016945"]}]},{"name":"FV40411 Optimization of process intelligence of parking system for Smart City","award":["DGS\/TEAM\/2020-017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGS\/TEAM\/2020-017"]}]},{"name":"FV40411 Optimization of process intelligence of parking system for Smart City","award":["TN01000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TN01000007"]}]},{"name":"FV40411 Optimization of process intelligence of parking system for Smart City","award":["TURSP 2020\/34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TURSP 2020\/34"]}]},{"name":"Taif University Researchers","award":["CZ.02.2.69\/0.0\/0.0\/19 073\/0016945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.2.69\/0.0\/0.0\/19 073\/0016945"]}]},{"name":"Taif University Researchers","award":["DGS\/TEAM\/2020-017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGS\/TEAM\/2020-017"]}]},{"name":"Taif University Researchers","award":["TN01000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TN01000007"]}]},{"name":"Taif University Researchers","award":["TURSP 2020\/34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TURSP 2020\/34"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper highlights a robust optimization and power management algorithm that supervises the energy transfer flow to meet the photovoltaic (PV) electric vehicle demand, even when the traction system is in motion. The power stage of the studied system consists of a triple-junction PV generator as the main energy source, a lithium-ion battery as an auxiliary energy source, and an electric vehicle. The input\u2013output signal adaptation is made by using a stage of energy conversion. A bidirectional DC-DC buck-boost connects the battery to the DC-link. Two unidirectional boost converters interface between the PV generator and the DC link. One is controlled with a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to reach the maximum power points. The other is used to control the voltage across the DC-link. The converters are connected to the electric vehicle via a three-phase inverter via the same DC-link. By considering the nonlinear behavior of these elements, dynamic models are developed. A robust nonlinear MPPT algorithm has been developed owing to the nonlinear dynamics of the PV generator, metrological condition variations, and load changes. The high performance of the MPPT algorithm is effectively highlighted over a comparative study with two classical P &amp; O and the fuzzy logic MPPT algorithms. A nonlinear control based on the Lyapunov function has been developed to simultaneously regulate the DC-link voltage and control battery charging and discharging operations. An energy management rule-based strategy is presented to effectively supervise the power flow. The conceived system, energy management, and control algorithms are implemented and verified in the Matlab\/Simulink environment. Obtained results are presented and discussed under different operating conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22166123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T03:15:27Z","timestamp":1660706127000},"page":"6123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Robust Optimization and Power Management of a Triple Junction Photovoltaic Electric Vehicle with Battery Storage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Salah Beni","family":"Hamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physic Department, High School of Engineers of Tunis, Tunis 1008, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8331-3728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mouna Ben","family":"Hamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Department, National Engineering School of Gabes, Gabes 6029, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Lassaad","family":"Sbita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Department, National Engineering School of Gabes, Gabes 6029, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1086-457X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohit","family":"Bajaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun 248002, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0508-8518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vojtech","family":"Blazek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENET Centre, VSB\u2014Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Prokop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENET Centre, VSB\u2014Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Stanislav","family":"Misak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENET Centre, VSB\u2014Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9387-1950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherif S. M.","family":"Ghoneim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2020.228167","article-title":"Comparative study of energy management strategies for hybrid proton exchange membrane fuel cell four wheel drive electric vehicle","volume":"462","author":"Mohammed","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brtka, E., Jotanovic, G., Stjepanovic, A., Jausevac, G., Kosovac, A., Cviti\u0107, I., and Kostadinovic, M. (2022). Model of Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Two Energy Sources. 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