{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T02:49:08Z","timestamp":1761965348392,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007446","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGP.2\/111\/43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP.2\/111\/43"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007446","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) deployment and placement are largely dependent upon the available energy, feasible scenario, and secure network. The feasible placement of UAV nodes to cover the cellular networks need optimal altitude. The under or over-estimation of nodes\u2019 air timing leads to of resource waste or inefficiency of the mission. Multiple factors influence the estimation of air timing, but the majority of the literature concentrates only on flying time. Some other factors also degrade network performance, such as unauthorized access to UAV nodes. In this paper, the UAV coverage issue is considered, and a Coverage Area Decision Model for UAV-BS is proposed. The proposed solution is designed for cellular network coverage by using UAV nodes that are controlled and managed for reallocation, which will be able to change position per requirements. The proposed solution is evaluated and tested in simulation in terms of its performance. The proposed solution achieved better results in terms of placement in the network. The simulation results indicated high performance in terms of high packet delivery, less delay, less overhead, and better malicious node detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22166130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T03:15:27Z","timestamp":1660706127000},"page":"6130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Coverage Area Decision Model by Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Base Stations for Ad Hoc Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6758-793X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saqib","family":"Majeed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing and Technology, Iqra University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"},{"name":"University Institute of Information Technology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0089-4089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adnan","family":"Sohail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing and Technology, Iqra University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3045-8402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kashif Naseer","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence (CoE-AI), Department of Computer Science, Bahria University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saleem","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7030-5200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim Tariq","family":"Javed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence (CoE-AI), Department of Computer Science, Bahria University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noel","family":"Crespi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Polytechnique de Paris Telecom SudParis Evry, 91000 Evry, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wamda","family":"Nagmeldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7474-9100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelzahir","family":"Abdelmaboud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, College of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Muhayil Asir 61913, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.1900323","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Cellular Networks: A Critical Path to Beyond-5G and 6G","volume":"27","author":"Shafin","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. 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