{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T15:15:29Z","timestamp":1769008529242,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada\u2019s Collaborative R&amp;D Grant Program","award":["VEGA 1\/0113\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0113\/22"]}]},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada\u2019s Collaborative R&amp;D Grant Program","award":["APVV-21-0217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-21-0217"]}]},{"name":"Optiwave Systems, Inc., Slovak Grant Agency","award":["VEGA 1\/0113\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0113\/22"]}]},{"name":"Optiwave Systems, Inc., Slovak Grant Agency","award":["APVV-21-0217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-21-0217"]}]},{"name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency","award":["VEGA 1\/0113\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0113\/22"]}]},{"name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency","award":["APVV-21-0217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-21-0217"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Light detection and ranging systems based on optical phased arrays and integrated silicon photonics have sparked a surge of applications over the recent years. This includes applications in sensing, free-space communications, or autonomous vehicles, to name a few. Herein, we report a design of two-dimensional optical phased arrays, which are arranged in a grid of concentric rings. We numerically investigate two designs composed of 110 and 820 elements, respectively. Both single-wavelength (1550 nm) and broadband multi-wavelength (1535 nm to 1565 nm) operations are studied. The proposed phased arrays enable free-space beam steering, offering improved performance with narrow beam divergences of only 0.5\u00b0 and 0.22\u00b0 for the 110-element and 820-element arrays, respectively, with a main-to-sidelobe suppression ratio higher than 10 dB. The circular array topology also allows large element spacing far beyond the sub-wavelength-scaled limits that are present in one-dimensional linear or two-dimensional rectangular arrays. Under a single-wavelength operation, a solid-angle steering between 0.21\u03c0 sr and 0.51\u03c0 sr is obtained for 110- and 820-element arrays, respectively, while the beam steering spans the range of 0.24\u03c0 sr and 0.57\u03c0 sr for a multi-wavelength operation. This work opens new opportunities for future optical phased arrays in on-chip photonic applications, in which fast, high-resolution, and broadband beam steering is necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22166135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T03:15:27Z","timestamp":1660706127000},"page":"6135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Circular Optical Phased Array with Large Steering Range and High Resolution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2239-0041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Benedikovi\u010d","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada"},{"name":"Department Multimedia and Information-Communication Technology, University of Zilina, 01026 Zilina, Slovakia"},{"name":"University Science Park, University of Zilina, 01026 Zilina, Slovakia"}]},{"given":"Qiankun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4782-0105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Postigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada"},{"name":"Telecommunication Research Institute (TELMA), Universidad de M\u00e1laga, E.T.S. Ingenier\u00eda de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 35, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9880-5602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Atieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optiwave Systems, Inc., Ottawa, ON K2E 8A7, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5369-0082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Smy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Cheben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2817-4531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Winnie N.","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10872","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3127186","article-title":"2D LIDAR-Based Approach for Activity Identification and Fall Detection","volume":"9","author":"Bouazizi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79895","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2923421","article-title":"LiDAR-Enhanced Connected Infrastructures Sensing and Broadcasting High-Resolution Traffic Information Serving Smart Cities","volume":"7","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04415-8","article-title":"A large-scale microelectromechanical-systems-based silicon photonics LiDAR","volume":"603","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7700108","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2019.2908555","article-title":"Long-Range LiDAR and Free-Space Data Communication with High-Performance Optical Phased Arrays","volume":"25","author":"Poulton","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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