{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T04:30:36Z","timestamp":1773808236112,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Current energy systems face multiple problems related to inflation in energy prices, reduction of fossil fuels, and greenhouse gas emissions which are disturbing the comfort zone of energy consumers and the affordability of power for large commercial customers. These kinds of problems can be alleviated with the help of optimal planning of demand response policies and with distributed generators in the distribution system. The objective of this article is to give a strategic proposition of an energy management system for a campus microgrid (\u00b5G) to minimize the operating costs and to increase the self-consuming energy of the green distributed generators (DGs). To this end, a real-time based campus is considered that currently takes provision of its loads from the utility grid only. According to the proposed given scenario, it will contain solar panels and a wind turbine as non-dispatchable DGs while a diesel generator is considered as a dispatchable DG. It also incorporates an energy storage system with optimal sizing of BESS to tackle the multiple disturbances that arise from solar radiation. The resultant problem of linear mathematics was simulated and plotted in MATLAB with mixed-integer linear programming. Simulation results show that the proposed given model of energy management (EMS) minimizes the grid electricity costs by 668.8 CC\/day ($) which is 36.6% of savings for the campus microgrid. The economic prognosis for the campus to give an optimum result for the UET Taxila, Campus was also analyzed. The general effect of a medium-sized solar PV installation on carbon emissions and energy consumption costs was also determined. The substantial environmental and economic benefits compared to the present situation have prompted the campus owners to invest in the DGs and to install large-scale energy storage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22166150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T22:53:30Z","timestamp":1660776810000},"page":"6150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Scheduling and Sizing of Campus Microgrid Considering Demand Response and Economic Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Bin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 100096, China"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shahzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Engineering and Technology, Multan 60000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7509-182X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haseeb","family":"Javed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Engineering and Technology, Multan 60000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0866-4165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hafiz Abdul","family":"Muqeet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering Technology, Punjab Tianjin University of Technology Lahore, Lahore 54770, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Naveed","family":"Akhter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology (RCET), Lahore 54890, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9935-7648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rehan","family":"Liaqat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6255-6966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Majid","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of South Wales, Pontypirdd CF37 1DL, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.03.040","article-title":"Microgrids: A review of technologies, key drivers, and outstanding issues","volume":"90","author":"Hirsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2018.2840498","article-title":"Optimal Scheduling of an Isolated Microgrid with Battery Storage Considering Load and Renewable Generation Uncertainties","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.03.072","article-title":"A Dynamic pricing demand response algorithm for smart grid: Reinforcement learning approach","volume":"220","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"6679358","article-title":"Effect of Emission Penalty and Annual Interest Rate on Cogeneration of Electricity, Heat, and Hydrogen in Karachi: 3E Assessment and Sensitivity Analysis","volume":"2021","author":"Jahangiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iqbal, M.M., Sajjad, I.A., Nadeem Khan, M.F., Liaqat, R., Shah, M.A., and Muqeet, H.A. (2019, January 24\u201325). Energy Management in Smart Homes with PV Generation, Energy Storage and Home to Grid Energy Exchange. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Electrical, Communication, and Computer Engineering (ICECCE), Swat, Pakistan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECCE47252.2019.8940684"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Hendawi, M., Gabbar, H.A., El-Saady, G., and Ibrahim, E.N.A. (2018). Control and EMS of a grid-connected microgrid with economical analysis. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11010129"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71378","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2987915","article-title":"Optimal scheduling for campus prosumer microgrid considering price based demand response","volume":"8","author":"Muqeet","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"5569701","article-title":"Optimal Operation of the Campus Microgrid Considering the Resource Uncertainty and Demand Response Schemes","volume":"2021","author":"Abd","year":"2021","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1080\/15435075.2019.1671415","article-title":"An optimization of energy cost of clean hybrid solar-wind power plants in Iran","volume":"16","author":"Jahangiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Green Energy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iqbal, M.M., Waseem, M., Manan, A., Liaqat, R., Muqeet, A., and Wasaya, A. (2021, January 12\u201316). IoT-Enabled Smart Home Energy Management Strategy for DR Actions in Smart Grid Paradigm. Proceedings of the 2021 International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technologies (IBCAST), Islamabad, Pakistan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IBCAST51254.2021.9393205"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahab, M., Wang, S., and Abd Ul Muqeet, H. (2021, January 17\u201320). Advanced Optimal Design of the IoT Based University Campus Microgrid Considering Environmental Concerns and Demand Response. Proceedings of the 2021 6th International Conference on Power and Renewable Energy (ICPRE), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPRE52634.2021.9635493"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar Nunna, H.S.V.S., Amanbek, Y., Satuyeva, B., and Doolla, S. (2019, January 19\u201323). A Decentralized Transactive Energy Trading Framework for Prosumers in a Microgrid Cluster. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE PES GTD Grand International Conference and Exposition Asia (GTD Asia), Bangkok, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/GTDAsia.2019.8715872"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.117084","article-title":"A novel peak shaving algorithm for islanded microgrid using battery energy storage system","volume":"196","author":"Uddin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2022.810395","article-title":"Recent Trends, Challenges, and Future Aspects of P2P Energy Trading Platforms in Electrical-Based Networks Considering Blockchain Technology: A Roadmap Toward Environmental Sustainability","volume":"10","author":"Javed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Energy Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5524025","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5524025","article-title":"Edge Computing for IoT-Enabled Smart Grid","volume":"2021","author":"Mehmood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Secur. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, A., Shakoor, R., Raheem, A., Muqeet, H.A., Awais, Q., and Khan, A.A. (2022). Latest Energy Storage Trends in Multi Energy Standalone Electric Vehicle Charging Stations: A Comprehensive Study. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15134727"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gulzar, M.M., Iqbal, M., Shahzad, S., Muqeet, H.A., Shahzad, M., and Hussain, M.M. (2022). Load Frequency Control (LFC) Strategies in Renewable Energy Based Hybrid Power Systems: A Review. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15103488"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"08012","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/201819708012","article-title":"Technical and economical feasibility analysis of photovoltaic power installation on a university campus in Indonesia","volume":"197","author":"Kristiawan","year":"2018","journal-title":"MATEC Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"145","article-title":"Financial Analysis of PV-Wind Cogeneration for a Remote Village in Gwadar-Pakistan","volume":"2","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"South. J. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, V.A., Aoki, A.R., and Lambert-Torres, G. (2020). Optimal Day-Ahead Scheduling of Microgrids with Battery Energy Storage System. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13195188"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waqar, A., Tanveer, M.S., Ahmad, J., Aamir, M., Yaqoob, M., and Anwar, F. (2017). Multi-objective analysis of a CHP plant integrated microgrid in Pakistan. Energies, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/en10101625"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13031","DOI":"10.1002\/ep.13031","article-title":"Feasibility Study of a Grid-Tied Photovoltaic System for Household in Pakistan: Considering an Unreliable Electric Grid","volume":"38","author":"Rehman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, H.C., Choi, J.H., Yun, S.Y., Lee, H.J., and Ahn, S.J. (2018). Optimal scheduling and real-time control schemes of battery energy storage system for microgrids considering contract demand and forecast uncertainty. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11061371"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1080\/23080477.2017.1417005","article-title":"Optimal Sizing and Analysis of Solar PV, Wind, and Energy Storage Hybrid System for Campus Microgrid","volume":"6","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Smart Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Zhang, X., and Grijalva, S. (April, January 30). Smart Energy Campus: A Smart Grid Testbed for Advanced Modeling, Simulation, and Decision-Making. Proceedings of the Tenth Carnegie Mellon Conference on the Electricity Industry, Pittsburgh, PA, USA."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Sim\u00f3n-Mart\u00edn, M., Bracco, S., Rossi, M., Delfino, F., Gonz\u00e1lez-Mart\u00ednez, A., and Blanes-Peir\u00f3, J.J. (2019, January 11\u201314). A flexible test-bed pilot facility for the analysis and simulation of Smart Microgrids. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2019 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC\/I&CPS Europe), Genova, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EEEIC.2019.8783875"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javed, H., Muqeet, H.A., Shehzad, M., Jamil, M., Khan, A.A., and Guerrero, J.M. (2021). Optimal energy management of a campus microgrid considering financial and economic analysis with demand response strategies. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14248501"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasir, M., Khan, H.A., Khan, I., Hassan, N.U., Zaffar, N.A., Mehmood, A., Sauter, T., and Muyeen, S.M. (2019). Grid load reduction through optimized PV power utilization in intermittent grids using a low-cost hardware platform. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12091764"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muqeet, H.A., Sajjad, I.A., Ahmad, A., Iqbal, M.M., Ali, S., and Guerrero, J.M. (2019, January 28\u201329). Optimal Operation of Energy Storage System for a Prosumer Microgrid Considering Economical and Environmental Effects. Proceedings of the 2019 International Symposium on Recent Advances in Electrical Engineering (RAEE), Islamabad, Pakistan.","DOI":"10.1109\/RAEE.2019.8887002"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Huo, C. (2022, May 28). A Microgrid Design Case Study: Synchrophasor Placement and Development of a Protection Laboratory for the Oregon State University-Corvallis Campus. Oregon State Univ. Available online: http:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/xmlui\/handle\/1957\/56132."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2019.12.092","article-title":"Condition Monitoring of a Campus Microgrid Elements using Smart Sensors","volume":"163","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Gonzalez, R.M., Van Goch, T.A.J., Aslam, M.F., Blanch, A., and Ribeiro, P.F. (2014, January 12\u201315). Microgrid design considerations for a smart-energy university campus. Proceedings of the IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Europe, Istanbul, Turkey."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Kim, B. (2019, January 3\u20136). Implementation and optimal operation of campus microgrid-ems system considering multi-mg power trading. Proceedings of the 25th International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution Cired 2019, Madrid, Spain."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brignone, M., Delfino, F., Fichera, M., Procopio, R., Barillari, L., and Nilberto, A. (2016, January 13\u201315). Optimal thermal power production by means of an equivalent electric circuit for a thermal network: The Savona Campus Smart Polygeneration Microgrid case. Proceedings of the 2016 7th International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems & Applications (IISA), Chalkidiki, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/IISA.2016.7785394"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, S., and Coe, S. (2015, January 15\u201317). Scheduling of site battery energy storage for demand response capacity. Proceedings of the 2015 Seventh Annual IEEE Green Technologies Conference, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GREENTECH.2015.13"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861571","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2022.861571","article-title":"Optimal Scheduling of Demand Side Load Management of Smart Grid Considering Energy Efficiency","volume":"10","author":"Balouch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Energy Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muqeet, H.A., Munir, H.M., Javed, H., Shahzad, M., Jamil, M., and Guerrero, J.M. (2021). An energy management system of campus microgrids: State-of-the-art and future challenges. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14206525"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Design, Model & Planning of Prosumer Microgrid for MNSUET Multan Campus","volume":"11","author":"Javed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sir Syed Univ. Res. J. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.51846\/vol4iss3pp8-17","article-title":"An Optimal Scheduling and Planning of Campus Microgrid Based on Demand Response and Battery Lifetime","volume":"4","author":"Javed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pak. J. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muqeet, H.A., Ahmad, A., Sajjad, I.A., Liaqat, R., Raza, A., and Iqbal, M.M. (2019, January 11\u201314). Benefits of Distributed Energy and Storage System in Prosumer Based Electricity Market. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2019 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC\/I&CPS Europe), Genova, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EEEIC.2019.8783636"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasir, T., Raza, S., Abrar, M., Ul Muqeet, H.A., Jamil, H., Qayyum, F., Cheikhrouhou, O., Alassery, F., and Hamam, H. (2021). Optimal scheduling of campus microgrid considering the electric vehicle integration in smart grid. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217133"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5821301","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5821301","article-title":"Recent Challenges and Methodologies in Smart Grid Demand Side Management: State-of-the-Art Literature Review","volume":"2021","author":"Nasir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sekhar, D.C., Rao, P.V.V.R., and Kiranmayi, R. (2022, January 23\u201325). Conceptual Review on Demand Side Management, Optimization Techniques for the Improvement of Power Quality in Smart Grids. Proceedings of the 2022 Second International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Energy (ICAIS), Coimbatore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAIS53314.2022.9742779"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muqeet, H.A., Javed, H., Akhter, M.N., Shahzad, M., Munir, H.M., Nadeem, M.U., Sabir, S., Bukhari, H., and Huba, M. (2022). Sustainable Solutions for Advanced Energy Management System of Campus Microgrids: Model Opportunities and Future Challenges. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22062345"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optimal Day-Ahead Operation of Microgrid Considering Demand Response and Battery Strategies for Prosumer Community","volume":"25","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tech. J. UET Taxila"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.12.014","article-title":"Performance analysis of a PV\/Diesel hybrid system for a remote area in Bangladesh: Effects of dispatch strategies, batteries, and generator selection","volume":"169","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M. (2019). Sizing and Siting of Distributed Generators and Energy Storage in a Microgrid Considering Plug-in Electric Vehicles. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12122293"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74412","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2920662","article-title":"High-Reliability Multi-Agent Q-Learning-Based Scheduling for D2D Microgrid Communications","volume":"7","author":"Shimotakahara","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015502","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5034352","article-title":"Energy management in commercial building microgrids","volume":"11","author":"Raza","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Renew. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Ayta, S., Electronic, K., and Electric, F.E. (2018, January 22\u201325). Quality Lignite Coal Detection with Discrete Wavelet Transform, Discrete Fourier Transform, and ANN based on k-means Clustering Method. Proceedings of the 2018 6th International Symposium on Digital Forensic and Security (ISDFS), Antalya, Turkey."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"725","article-title":"Extended incomplete gamma functions with applications","volume":"274","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Math. Anal. Appl."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.06.090","article-title":"Surface measured solar radiation data and solar energy resource assessment of Pakistan: A review","volume":"81","author":"Tahir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.12.153","article-title":"Levelized cost of electricity for solar photovoltaic and electrical energy storage","volume":"190","author":"Lai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Pickering, B., Ikeda, S., Choudhary, R., and Ooka, R. (2016, January 25). Comparison of Metaheuristic and Linear Programming Models for the Purpose of Optimising Building Energy Supply Operation Schedule. Proceedings of the CLIMA 2016: 12th REHVA World Congress, Aalborg, Denmark."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Reporter, S. (2022, May 28). IBA University to Supply Solar Power to Sepco. Nov. 28, 2019. Available online: https:\/\/nation.com.pk\/26-Jan-2019\/iba-university-to-supply-solar-power-to-sepco."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iqbal, M.M., Sajjad, I.A., Amin, S., Haroon, S.S., Liaqat, R., Khan, M.F.N., Waseem, M., and Shah, M.A. (2019). Optimal scheduling of residential home appliances by considering energy storage and stochastically modelled photovoltaics in a grid exchange environment using hybrid grey wolf genetic algorithm optimizer. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9235226"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vahedipour-Dahraie, M., Rashidizadeh-Kermani, H., Anvari-Moghaddam, A., and Guerrero, J.M. (2018, January 20\u201322). Stochastic Frequency-Security Constrained Scheduling of a Microgrid Considering Price-Driven Demand Response. Proceedings of the 2018 International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion (SPEEDAM), Amalfi, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/SPEEDAM.2018.8445233"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.115609","article-title":"Economic and Environmental Policy Analysis for Emission-Neutral Multi-Carrier Microgrid Deployment","volume":"277","author":"Azimian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.51846\/vol4iss2pp21-27","article-title":"Optimal Day-Ahead Scheduling for Campus Microgrid by using MILP Approach","volume":"4","author":"Ul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pak. J. Eng. Technol. PakJET"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/16\/6150\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:11:03Z","timestamp":1760141463000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/16\/6150"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s22166150"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22166150","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]}}}