{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T04:54:54Z","timestamp":1773291294655,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education","award":["no. NRF-2017R1A5A1015596"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no. NRF-2017R1A5A1015596"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education","award":["no. 2015R1A6A1A03031833"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no. 2015R1A6A1A03031833"]}]},{"name":"Korea government","award":["no. NRF-2017R1A5A1015596"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no. NRF-2017R1A5A1015596"]}]},{"name":"Korea government","award":["no. 2015R1A6A1A03031833"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no. 2015R1A6A1A03031833"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes a 5G glass antenna that can be printed on the thick window glass of a vehicle. The proposed antenna consists of a coplanar waveguide (CPW), a printed monopole radiator, parasitic elements, a linearly arrayed patch director, and a grid-slotted patch reflector. The linearly arrayed patch director and grid-slotted patch reflector are applied to improve the bore-sight gain of the antenna. To verify the performance improvement and feasibility, the proposed antenna is fabricated, and a reflection coefficient and a radiation pattern are measured and compared with the simulation results. The measured reflection coefficient shows broadband characteristics of less than \u221210 dB from 24.1 GHz to 31.0 GHz (fractional bandwidth of 24.6%), which agrees well with the simulation results. The reflection coefficients are \u221233.1 dB by measurement and \u221225.7 dB by simulation, and the maximum gains are 6.2 dBi and 5.5 dBi at 28 GHz, respectively. These results demonstrate that the proposed antenna has high-gain characteristics being suitable for 5G wireless communications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22166187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T23:28:41Z","timestamp":1660865321000},"page":"6187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Design of a mmWave Antenna Printed on a Thick Vehicle-Glass Substrate Using a Linearly Arrayed Patch Director and a Grid-Slotted Patch Reflector for High-Gain Characteristics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Changhyeon","family":"Im","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tae Heung","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8409-6964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hosung","family":"Choo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3833","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2975418","article-title":"Modeling quality of IoT experience in autonomous vehicles","volume":"7","author":"Minovski","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5212","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2018.2839183","article-title":"Cellular V2X communications in unlicensed spectrum: Harmonious coexistence with VANET in 5G systems","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107710","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3100472","article-title":"On 5G-V2X use cases and enabling technologies: A comprehensive survey","volume":"9","author":"Alalewi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11020","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2992431","article-title":"An IoT-driven vehicle detection method based on multisource data fusion technology for smart parking management system","volume":"7","author":"Lou","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Condoluci, M., Gallo, L., Mussot, L., Kousaridas, A., Spapis, P., Mahlouji, M., and Mahmoodi, T. (2019). 5G V2X system-level architecture of 5GCAR project. Future Internet, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/fi11100217"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.26866\/jees.2021.21.1.1","article-title":"Comparison of 0.75\u201324-GHz reach distances and ratios using propagation path loss measurements from urban and rural line-of-sight environments","volume":"21","author":"Oh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electromagn. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"e21799","article-title":"CSRR-loaded T-shaped MIMO antenna for 5G cellular networks and vehicular communications","volume":"29","author":"Madhav","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. RF Microw. Comput. Aid. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"016306","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/aae549","article-title":"Liquid crystal polymer based flexible and conformal 5G antenna for vehicular communication","volume":"6","author":"Devi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10115","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.3005959","article-title":"A tri-polarized antenna with diverse radiation characteristics for 5G and V2X communications","volume":"69","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6098014","article-title":"Design of a multiple band vehicle-mounted antenna","volume":"2019","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5071","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3070353","article-title":"Compact dual microwave\/millimeter-wave planar shared-aperture antenna for vehicle-to-vehicle\/5G Communications","volume":"70","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.26866\/jees.2021.3.r.24","article-title":"Design and characterization of wideband printed antenna based on DGS for 28 GHz 5G applications","volume":"21","author":"Awan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electromagn. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2018.2876628","article-title":"Conformal automotive roof-top antenna cavity with increased coverage to vulnerable road users","volume":"17","author":"Artner","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2016.2637560","article-title":"Concealed CFRP vehicle chassis antenna cavity","volume":"16","author":"Artner","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20083","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2897219","article-title":"Automotive antenna roof for cooperative connected driving","volume":"7","author":"Artner","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8136","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2021.3083770","article-title":"A multiwideband compact antenna design for vehicular sub-6 GHz 5G wireless systems","volume":"69","author":"Khalifa","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1109\/OJAP.2022.3170799","article-title":"Wide band raised printed monopole for automotive 5G wireless communications","volume":"3","author":"Yacoub","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.31216","article-title":"Design of a graphene-based patch antenna on glass substrate for high-speed terahertz communications","volume":"60","author":"Goyal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87907","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2925073","article-title":"V-Band end-fire radiating planar micromachined helical antenna using through-glass silicon via (TGSV) technology","volume":"7","author":"Naqvi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95417","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2996020","article-title":"The design of a reconfigurable slot antenna printed on glass for wearable applications","volume":"8","author":"Cil","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152749","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3125977","article-title":"Design of an on-glass 5G monopole antenna for a vehicle window glass","volume":"9","author":"Jang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2021.3128648","article-title":"Design of a printed 5G monopole antenna with periodic patch director on the laminated window glass","volume":"21","author":"Youn","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Im, C., Lim, T.-H., Jang, D., Kong, N.-K., and Choo, H. (2021). Design of a printed 5G monopole antenna on vehicle window glass using parasitic elements and a lattice-structure reflector for gain enhancement. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11219953"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alwareth, H., Ibrahim, I.M., Zakaria, Z., Al-Gburi, A.J.A., Ahmed, S., and Nasser, Z.A. (2022). A wideband high-gain microstrip array antenna integrated with frequency-selective surface for Sub-6 GHz 5G applications. Micromachines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13081215"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohyuddin, W., Kim, D.H., Choi, H.C., and Kim, K.W. (2018). Comparative study of square and circular loop frequency selective surfaces for millimeter-wave imaging diagnostics systems. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18093079"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2021, October 10). CST Microwave Studio. Available online: http:\/\/www.cst.com."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2019, July 30). Available online: http:\/\/www.ansys.com\/products\/electronics\/ansys-hfss."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Altair (2022, March 29). FEKO. Available online: http:\/\/www.altair.com."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2007.891957","article-title":"Dual wideband printed monopole antenna for WLAN\/WiMAX applications","volume":"6","author":"Pan","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2008.2001026","article-title":"A printed monopole antenna with two steps and a circular slot for UWB applications","volume":"7","author":"Ahmed","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2003.816391","article-title":"Printed double-T monopole antenna for 2.4\/5.2 GHz dual-band WLAN operations","volume":"51","author":"Kuo","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2016.2552543","article-title":"Performance enhancement of a dual-band monopole antenna by using a frequency-selective surface-based corner reflector","volume":"64","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2011.2130509","article-title":"Multioctave frequency selective surface reflector for ultrawideband antennas","volume":"10","author":"Ranga","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/16\/6187\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:11:36Z","timestamp":1760141496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/16\/6187"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s22166187"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22166187","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]}}}