{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T20:15:05Z","timestamp":1762460105775,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1A2C1004355","2020M3A9E4104384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A2C1004355","2020M3A9E4104384"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Bio &amp; Medical Technology Development Program of the National Research Foundation (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1A2C1004355","2020M3A9E4104384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A2C1004355","2020M3A9E4104384"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The diagnosis of small vessel disease is attracting interest; however, it remains difficult to visualize the microvasculature using 3 Tesla (T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Therefore, this study aimed to visualize the microvascular structure and measure a slow flow on 3T MRI. We developed a microcirculation system using piezoelectric pumps connected to small tubes (0.4, 0.5, 0.8, and 1.0 mm) and evaluated various MR sequences and imaging parameters to identify the most appropriate acquisition parameters. We found that the system could image small structures with a diameter of 0.5 mm or more when using a 1 m-long tube (maximal signal intensity of 241 in 1 mm, 199 in 0.8 mm, and 133 in 0.5 mm). We also found that the highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) appeared on 2-dimensional time-of-flight low-resolution imaging and that the flow velocity (10.03 cm\/s) was similar to the actual velocity (11.01 cm\/s in a flowmeter) when velocity encoding of 30 cm\/s was used in a 0.8 mm-diameter tube. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that a microcirculation system can be used to image small vessels. Therefore, our results could serve as a basis for research on vessels\u2019 anatomical structure and pathophysiological function in small vessel disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22166191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T23:28:41Z","timestamp":1660865321000},"page":"6191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["MRI-Compatible Microcirculation System Using Ultrasonic Pumps for Microvascular Imaging on 3T MRI"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ju-Yeon","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, Gachon University Graduate School, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7531-5539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Kyu","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Science, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5952-1423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeong-Bae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9573-8432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang-Ki","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, Gachon University Graduate School, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Radiological Science, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117106","article-title":"Subvoxel Vascular Imaging of the Midbrain Using USPIO-Enhanced MRI","volume":"220","author":"Buch","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30079-1","article-title":"Small Vessel Disease: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications","volume":"18","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2011.10.025","article-title":"Morphometric Analysis, Region of Supply and Microanatomy of the Lenticulostriate Arteries and Their Clinical Significance","volume":"19","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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