{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T07:49:01Z","timestamp":1780386541060,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007614","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at Jouf University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DSR2020-04-463"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DSR2020-04-463"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007614","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Cardiff University","award":["DSR2020-04-463"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DSR2020-04-463"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Naftazone is a quinone-semi carbazone drug that possesses a strong orange color, and hence it was usually analyzed colorimetrically or by HPLC-UV. However, these methods are not sensitive enough to determine naftazone in biological samples. Naftazone lacks intrinsic fluorescence and does not possess easily derivatizable functional groups. In this contribution, we introduced the first spectrofluorimetric method for naftazone assay through reduction-elicited fluorogenic derivatization through the reduction of its quinone-semicarbazone moiety to the corresponding quinol-semicarbazide derivative by potassium borohydride as a reduction probe. The solvent-dependent fluorescence of the reaction product was studied in various protic and aprotic solvents. Eventually, the fluorescence of the reduced naftazone was measured in 2-propanol at \u03bbemission of 350 nm after excitation at \u03bbecxitation of 295 nm. The relative fluorescence intensity was linearly correlated to the drug concentration (r = 0.9995) from 10.0 to 500 ng\/mL with high sensitivity, where the lower detection limit was 2.9 ng\/mL. Hence, the method was effectively applied for naftazone tablets quality control with a mean %recovery of 100.3 \u00b1 1.5, and the results agreed with those of the comparison HPLC-UV method. Furthermore, a new salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) method was established for naftazone extraction from human serum, followed by its determination using the developed reduction-based fluorogenic method. The developed SALLE method showed excellent recovery for naftazone from human serum (92.3\u2013106.5%) with good precision (RSD \u2264 6.8%). Additionally, the reaction of naftazone with potassium borohydride was kinetically monitored, and it was found to follow pseudo-first-order kinetics with an activation energy of 43.8 kcal\/mol. The developed method\u2019s greenness was approved using three green analytical chemistry metrics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22166205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T23:28:41Z","timestamp":1660865321000},"page":"6205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Facile Conversion of the Quinone-Semicarbazone Chromophore of Naftazone into a Fluorescent Quinol-Semicarbazide: Kinetic Study and Analysis of Naftazone in Pharmaceuticals and Human Serum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Gamal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka 72388, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Alshaheed Shehata Ahmed Hegazy St., Beni-Suef 62574, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0781-0850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hazim M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka 72388, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8830-4222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rania","family":"El-Shaheny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5923-1466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim A.","family":"Naguib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Mecca, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8587-7175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izzeddin","family":"Alsalahat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 1TP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4661-6612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud","family":"El-Maghrabey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Sweetman, S.C. (2009). Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference, The Pharmaceutical Press. 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