{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T03:16:05Z","timestamp":1771298165928,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1701253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1701253"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-AR077761"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AR077761"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-AR079211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AR079211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1701253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1701253"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-AR077761"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AR077761"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-AR079211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AR079211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is an unmet need for improved, clinically relevant methods to longitudinally quantify bone healing during fracture care. Here we develop a smart bone plate to wirelessly monitor healing utilizing electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to provide real-time data on tissue composition within the fracture callus. To validate our technology, we created a 1-mm rabbit tibial defect and fixed the bone with a standard veterinary plate modified with a custom-designed housing that included two impedance sensors capable of wireless transmission. Impedance magnitude and phase measurements were transmitted every 48 h for up to 10 weeks. Bone healing was assessed by X-ray, \u00b5CT, and histology. Our results indicated the sensors successfully incorporated into the fracture callus and did not impede repair. Electrical impedance, resistance, and reactance increased steadily from weeks 3 to 7\u2014corresponding to the transition from hematoma to cartilage to bone within the fracture gap\u2014then plateaued as the bone began to consolidate. These three electrical readings significantly correlated with traditional measurements of bone healing and successfully distinguished between union and not-healed fractures, with the strongest relationship found with impedance magnitude. These results suggest that our EIS smart bone plate can provide continuous and highly sensitive quantitative tissue measurements throughout the course of fracture healing to better guide personalized clinical care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22166233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T01:56:40Z","timestamp":1661133400000},"page":"6233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Wireless Measurements Using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy to Monitor Fracture Healing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Naomasa","family":"Fukase","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Linda and Mitch Hart Center for Regenerative & Personalized Medicine at the Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria R.","family":"Duke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linda and Mitch Hart Center for Regenerative & Personalized Medicine at the Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica C.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingrid K.","family":"Stake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linda and Mitch Hart Center for Regenerative & Personalized Medicine at the Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ostfold Hospital Trust, 1714 Graalum, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthieu","family":"Huard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linda and Mitch Hart Center for Regenerative & Personalized Medicine at the Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johnny","family":"Huard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linda and Mitch Hart Center for Regenerative & Personalized Medicine at the Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4533-6715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meir T.","family":"Marmor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michel M.","family":"Maharbiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"},{"name":"Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole P.","family":"Ehrhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9808-8888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chelsea S.","family":"Bahney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linda and Mitch Hart Center for Regenerative & Personalized Medicine at the Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA"},{"name":"UCSF Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Safa T.","family":"Herfat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, December 04). 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