{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T01:44:29Z","timestamp":1780105469746,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hundreds of image encryption schemes have been conducted (as the literature review indicates). The majority of these schemes use pixels as building blocks for confusion and diffusion operations. Pixel-level operations are time-consuming and, thus, not suitable for many critical applications (e.g., telesurgery). Security is of the utmost importance while writing these schemes. This study aimed to provide a scheme based on block-level scrambling (with increased speed). Three streams of chaotic data were obtained through the intertwining logistic map (ILM). For a given image, the algorithm creates blocks of eight pixels. Two blocks (randomly selected from the long array of blocks) are swapped an arbitrary number of times. Two streams of random numbers facilitate this process. The scrambled image is further XORed with the key image generated through the third stream of random numbers to obtain the final cipher image. Plaintext sensitivity is incorporated through SHA-256 hash codes for the given image. The suggested cipher is subjected to a comprehensive set of security parameters, such as the key space, histogram, correlation coefficient, information entropy, differential attack, peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), noise, and data loss attack, time complexity, and encryption throughput. In particular, the computational time of 0.1842 s and the throughput of 3.3488 Mbps of this scheme outperforms many published works, which bears immense promise for its real-world application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22166243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T01:56:40Z","timestamp":1661133400000},"page":"6243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["A Novel Grayscale Image Encryption Scheme Based on the Block-Level Swapping of Pixels and the Chaotic System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Hanif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Riphah Institute of Informatics, Riphah International University, Malakand Campus, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadeem","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and IT, University of Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fida","family":"Ur Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and IT, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4854-9935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Adnan","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0672-7924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taher M.","family":"Ghazal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Technology, American University in the Emirates, Dubai Academic City, Dubai 503000, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Center for Cyber Security, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sagheer","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5240-0984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munir","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1353-4138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hussam","family":"Al Hamadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and IT, University of Dubai, Dubai 14143, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1398-952X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chan Yeob","family":"Yeun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cyber Physical Systems, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-09695-8","article-title":"A novel gray scale image encryption scheme based on pixels\u2019 swapping operations","volume":"80","author":"Bashir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multimed. 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