{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:30:48Z","timestamp":1772253048364,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Energy\u2019s Office\nof Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)","award":["UCLA: 20190511-16\/DOE: DE-EE0007613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UCLA: 20190511-16\/DOE: DE-EE0007613"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Energy\u2019s Office\nof Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)","award":["80NSSC19M0200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC19M0200"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Energy\u2019s Office\nof Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)","award":["MCS1292-20-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCS1292-20-01"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"U.S. Department of Defense\u2019s Office of Local Defense Community Cooperation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UCLA: 20190511-16\/DOE: DE-EE0007613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UCLA: 20190511-16\/DOE: DE-EE0007613"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"U.S. Department of Defense\u2019s Office of Local Defense Community Cooperation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC19M0200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC19M0200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"U.S. Department of Defense\u2019s Office of Local Defense Community Cooperation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MCS1292-20-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCS1292-20-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rapid concurrent advance of artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) technology, manufacturing environments are being upgraded or equipped with a smart and connected infrastructure that empowers workers and supervisors to optimize manufacturing workflow and processes for improved energy efficiency, equipment reliability, quality, safety, and productivity. This challenges capital cost and complexity for many small and medium-sized manufacturers (SMMs) who heavily rely on people to supervise manufacturing processes and facilities. This research aims to create an affordable, scalable, accessible, and portable (ASAP) solution to automate the supervision of manufacturing processes. The proposed approach seeks to reduce the cost and complexity of smart manufacturing deployment for SMMs through the deployment of consumer-grade electronics and a novel AI development methodology. The proposed system, AI-assisted Machine Supervision (AIMS), provides SMMs with two major subsystems: direct machine monitoring (DMM) and human-machine interaction monitoring (HIM). The AIMS system was evaluated and validated with a case study in 3D printing through the affordable AI accelerator solution of the vision processing unit (VPU).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22166246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T01:56:40Z","timestamp":1661133400000},"page":"6246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Affordable Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Machine Supervision System for the Small and Medium-Sized Manufacturers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4678-1418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Autonomy Research Center for STEAHM (ARCS), California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91324, USA"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2814-9854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shijie","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autonomy Research Center for STEAHM (ARCS), California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91324, USA"},{"name":"Language Technologies Institute, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5292-9469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tongzi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autonomy Research Center for STEAHM (ARCS), California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91324, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3066-3652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard P.","family":"Donovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology (Calit2), University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92297, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6140-4189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingbing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autonomy Research Center for STEAHM (ARCS), California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91324, USA"},{"name":"Department of Manufacturing Systems Engineering and Management, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2021.08.009","article-title":"Machine learning-based real-time monitoring system for smart connected worker to improve energy efficiency","volume":"61","author":"Bian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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