{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T06:53:54Z","timestamp":1778741634424,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Floods are among the costliest natural hazards, in Australia and globally. In this study, we used an indicator-based method to assess flood hazard risk in Australia\u2019s Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment (HNC). Australian flood risk assessments are typically spatially constrained through the common use of resource-intensive flood modelling. The large spatial scale of this study area is the primary element of novelty in this research. The indicators of maximum 3-day precipitation (M3DP), distance to river\u2014elevation weighted (DREW), and soil moisture (SM) were used to create the final Flood Hazard Index (FHI). The 17\u201326 March 2021 flood event in the HNC was used as a case study. It was found that almost 85% of the HNC was classified by the FHI at \u2018severe\u2019 or \u2018extreme\u2019 level, illustrating the extremity of the studied event. The urbanised floodplain area in the central-east of the HNC had the highest FHI values. Conversely, regions along the western border of the catchment had the lowest flood hazard risk. The DREW indicator strongly correlated with the FHI. The M3DP indicator displayed strong trends of extreme rainfall totals increasing towards the eastern catchment border. The SM indicator was highly variable, but featured extreme values in conservation areas of the HNC. This study introduces a method of large-scale proxy flood hazard assessment that is novel in an Australian context. A proof-of-concept methodology of flood hazard assessment developed for the HNC is replicable and could be applied to other flood-prone areas elsewhere.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22166251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T01:56:40Z","timestamp":1661133400000},"page":"6251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Flood Hazard Assessment and Mapping: A Case Study from Australia\u2019s Hawkesbury-Nepean Catchment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Matthew","family":"Kelly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Meteorology, Docklands, VIC 3008, Australia"},{"name":"Science Advanced-Global Challenges Program, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuriy","family":"Kuleshov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Meteorology, Docklands, VIC 3008, Australia"},{"name":"SPACE Research Centre, School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) (2022, April 01). 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