{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T17:53:49Z","timestamp":1776275629372,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,20]],"date-time":"2022-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Chicoutimi (UQAC)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This proof-of-concept study explores the potential of developing objective pain identification based on the analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Data were collected from participants living with chronic fibromyalgia pain (n = 4) and from healthy volunteers (n = 7) submitted to experimental pain by the application of capsaicin cream (1%) on the right upper trapezius. This data collection was conducted in two parts: (1) baseline measures including pain intensity and EEG signals, with the participant at rest; (2) active measures collected under the execution of a visuo-motor task, including EEG signals and the task performance index. The main measure for the objective identification of the presence of pain was the coefficient of variation of the upper envelope (CVUE) of the EEG signal from left fronto-central (FC5) and left temporal (T7) electrodes, in alpha (8\u201312 Hz), beta (12\u201330 Hz) and gamma (30\u201343 Hz) frequency bands. The task performance index was also calculated. CVUE (%) was compared between groups: those with chronic fibromyalgia pain, healthy volunteers with \u201cNo pain\u201d and healthy volunteers with experimentally-induced pain. The identification of the presence of pain was determined by an increased CVUE in beta (CVUE\u03b2) from the EEG signals captured at the left FC5 electrode. More specifically, CVUE\u03b2 increased up to 20% in the pain condition at rest. In addition, no correlation was found between CVUE\u03b2 and pain intensity or the task performance index. These results support the objective identification of the presence of pain based on the quantification of the coefficient of variation of the upper envelope of the EEG signal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22166272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T01:56:40Z","timestamp":1661133400000},"page":"6272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Towards the Objective Identification of the Presence of Pain Based on Electroencephalography Signals\u2019 Analysis: A Proof-of-Concept"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6662-5295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colince Meli","family":"Segning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Sciences, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, QC G7H 2B1, Canada"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Recherche Biom\u00e9canique et Neurophysiologique en R\u00e9adaptation Neuro-Musculo-Squelettique (<i>Lab BioNR<\/i>), Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, QC G7H 2B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remix Health Clinic, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 7K9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0445-999X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Ezzaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Sciences, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, QC G7H 2B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen Barros Parron","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, QC G7H 2B1, Canada"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Parana (PUCPR), 485-Hipica, Londrina 86072-360, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rubens A.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Recherche Biom\u00e9canique et Neurophysiologique en R\u00e9adaptation Neuro-Musculo-Squelettique (<i>Lab BioNR<\/i>), Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, QC G7H 2B1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, QC G7H 2B1, Canada"},{"name":"Centre Int\u00e9gr\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9 et Services Sociaux du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean (CIUSSS SLSJ), Specialized Geriatrics, Services-H\u00f4pital de La Baie, Saguenay, QC G7H 7K9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3538-7025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzy","family":"Ngomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Recherche Biom\u00e9canique et Neurophysiologique en R\u00e9adaptation Neuro-Musculo-Squelettique (<i>Lab BioNR<\/i>), Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, QC G7H 2B1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, QC G7H 2B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.06.018","article-title":"A systematic review of the effect of waiting for treatment for chronic pain","volume":"136","author":"Lynch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2005.06.009","article-title":"Survey of chronic pain in Europe: Prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment","volume":"10","author":"Breivik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. 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