{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:03:31Z","timestamp":1760231011286,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]],"date-time":"2022-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research &amp; Development Program of China","award":["2021YFB3900401","61871424","61901268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB3900401","61871424","61901268"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021YFB3900401","61871424","61901268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB3900401","61871424","61901268"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The electromagnetic (EM) scattering characteristics of the rough sea surface is very important for target surveying and detection in a sea environment. This work proposes a scaled sea surface designing method based on a rough thin-film medium. For the prototype sea surface, the permittivity is calculated with the seawater temperature, salinity, and EM wave frequency according to the Debye model. The scale film material is mixed with carbon black and epoxy, whose volume ratio is optimized with the genetic algorithm through the existing electromagnetic parameter library. This method can overcome the previous difficulties of adjusting the same permittivity of the prototype sea water. According to the EM scaled theory, the scaled geometric sample is numerically generated with the D-V spectrum for the given wind speed, and is fabricated using 3D printing to keep the similar seawater shape. Then, the sample is sprayed with a layer of film material for EM scattering measurement. The simulated and measured radar cross-section (RCS) results show good consistency for the prototype seawater and scaled materials, which indicates the proposed scaled method is a more efficient method to get the seawater scattering characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22166290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T01:56:40Z","timestamp":1661133400000},"page":"6290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Scaled Sea Surface Design and RCS Measurement Based on Rough Film Medium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Chenyu","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Information Sciences of Electromagnetic Waves, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3803-3700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongxia","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Information Sciences of Electromagnetic Waves, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Information Sciences of Electromagnetic Waves, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonggang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Electromagnetic Scattering Laboratory, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Longxiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Information Sciences of Electromagnetic Waves, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/17455030802302134","article-title":"FDTD investigation on the electromagnetic scattering from a target above a randomly rough sea surface","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Waves Random Complex Media"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2165075","article-title":"Sea Surface Salinity and Wind Retrieval Using Combined Passive and Active L-Band Microwave Observations","volume":"50","author":"Simon","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7396","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2601486","article-title":"Combined Active\/Passive Retrievals of Ocean Vector Wind and Sea Surface Salinity With SMAP","volume":"54","author":"Fore","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-11-0209.1","article-title":"Wind Speed Retrieval Based on Sea Surface Roughness Measurements from Spaceborne Microwave Radiometers","volume":"52","author":"Hong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5890","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2012.2215291","article-title":"The EM Scattering of Electrically Large Dielectric Rough Sea Surface at 240 GHz Using a Scale Model","volume":"60","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1109\/36.851961","article-title":"Numerical simulations of scattering from time-varying, randomly rough surfaces","volume":"38","author":"Toporkov","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Chatzigeorgiadis, F. (2004). Development of Code for a Physical Optics Radar cross Section Prediction and Analysis Application. [Master\u2019s Thesis, NAVAL Postgraduate School]."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"458","article-title":"Research on the electromagnetic scattering of 3D target coated with anisotropic medium using impedance boundary condition","volume":"33","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Electron. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hess, D.W. (2008, January 17\u201318). Introduction to RCS measurements. Proceedings of the Antennas and Propagation Conference IEEE, Loughborough, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/LAPC.2008.4516860"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2013.2291008","article-title":"A low-RCS and high-gain partially reflecting surface antenna","volume":"62","author":"Pan","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, C., Chen, Y., Xu, Y., and Hua, L. (2018, January 5\u20138). The analysis of change factor of the simulation of the bistatic quantum radar cross section for the typical ship structure. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation (APCAP), Auckland, New Zealand.","DOI":"10.1109\/APCAP.2018.8538124"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gatesman, A.J., Goyette, T.M., and Dickinson, J.C. (2005, January 28\u201331). Polarimetric Backscattering Behavior of Ground Clutter at X, Ka, and W-band. Proceedings of the Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery XII, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.604765"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065004","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/aaa3c7","article-title":"Wide band design on the scaled absorbing material flled with flaky CIPs","volume":"51","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044101","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-1056\/27\/4\/044101","article-title":"Design of scale model of plate-shaped absorber in a wide frequency range","volume":"27","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.831888","article-title":"The complex dielectric constant of pure and sea water from microwave satellite observations","volume":"42","author":"Meissner","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsang, L., Kong, J.A., Ding, K.H., and Ao, C.O. (2001). Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves: Numerical Simulations, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471224308"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2017.12.025","article-title":"Design of an ultra-thin absorption layer with magnetic materials based on genetic algorithm at the S band","volume":"451","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8103","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.3045771","article-title":"Seawater Debye Model Function at L-Band and Its Impact on Salinity Retrieval from Aquarius Satellite Data","volume":"59","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"104","article-title":"An improved model for the dielectric constant of sea water at microwave frequencies","volume":"25","author":"Klein","year":"1977","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6499","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC009837","article-title":"The emission and scattering of L-band microwave radiation from rough ocean surfaces and wind speed measurements from the Aquarius sensor","volume":"119","author":"Meissner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, S., Gao, B., Tong, L., Yang, X., Li, Y., and Li, M. (2019, January 14). Measuring complex permittivity of soils by waveguide transmission\/reflection method. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2019.8900535"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"2074","article-title":"The feature selection method based on genetic algorithm for efficient of text clustering and text classification","volume":"7","author":"Hong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"157","article-title":"The Study of Genetic Algorithm-based Task Scheduling for Cloud Computing","volume":"5","author":"Jang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Control. Autom."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Dhodhi, M.K., Ahmad, I., and Ahmad, I. (December, January 29). A multiprocessor scheduling scheme using problem-space genetic algorithms. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation, Perth, WA, Australia."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.1985.1145133","article-title":"A physical radar cross-section model for a wind-driven sea with swell","volume":"10","author":"Durden","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2011.11.003","article-title":"3-D printing: The new industrial revolution","volume":"55","author":"Berman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bus. Horiz."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1151","article-title":"Current status and developments in radar absorbing materials","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1109\/36.851959","article-title":"Parallel implementation of the sparse-matrix\/canonical grid method for the analysis of two-dimensional random rough surfaces (three-dimensional scattering problem) on a Beowulf system","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2015.2482604","article-title":"Triple-band antenna with shorted annular ring for high-precision GNSS applications","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propagation Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.2514\/1.20434","article-title":"Dynamics of circularly towed aerial cable systems, part i: Optimal configurations and their stability","volume":"30","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Guid. Control. Dyn."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/16\/6290\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:13:13Z","timestamp":1760141593000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/16\/6290"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s22166290"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22166290","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]]}}}