{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T15:36:01Z","timestamp":1776785761068,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Prince Sultan, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The exponential growth of intelligent vehicles(IVs) development has resulted in a complex network. As the number of IVs in a network increases, so does the number of connections. As a result, a great deal of data is generated. This complexity leads to insecure communication, traffic congestion, security, and privacy issues in vehicular networks (VNs). In addition, detecting malicious IVs, data integration, and data validation are major issues in VNs that affect network performance. A blockchain-based model for secure communication and malicious IV detection is proposed to address the above issues. In addition, this system also addresses data integration and transaction validation using an encryption scheme for secure communication. A multi-chain concept separates the legitimate and malicious data into two chains: the Integrity chain (I-chain) and Fraud chain (F-chain). This multi-chain mechanism solves the storage problem and reduces the computing power. The integration of blockchain in the proposed model provides privacy, network security, transparency, and immutability. To address the storage issue, the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) is integrated with Certificate Authority (CA). A reputation mechanism is introduced to detect malicious IVs in the network based on ratings. This reputation mechanism is also used to prevent Sybil attack. The evaluation of the proposed work is based on the cost of smart contracts and computation time. Furthermore, two attacker models are presented to prevent the selfish mining attack and the Sybil attack. Finally, a security analysis of the proposed smart contracts with their security vulnerabilities is also presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T02:55:34Z","timestamp":1661309734000},"page":"6318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["An Intelligent Automated System for Detecting Malicious Vehicles in Intelligent Transportation Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Tehreem","family":"Ashfaq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rabiya","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adamu Sani","family":"Yahaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Bayero University Kano, Kano 700006, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4305-0908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheraz","family":"Aslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering and Informatics, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus"},{"name":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7869-6373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad Taher","family":"Azar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Automated Systems & Soft Computing Lab (ASSCL), Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 12435, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8407-2068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamim","family":"Alkhalifah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer, College of Science and Arts in Ar Rass, Qassim University, Ar Rass 52571, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8883-6106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Tounsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Automated Systems & Soft Computing Lab (ASSCL), Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 12435, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25657","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2835309","article-title":"Adaptive blockchain-based electric vehicle participation scheme in smart grid platform","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3580","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3138219","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Computing Paradigms, Enabling Computation Offloading and Task Execution in Vehicular Networks","volume":"10","author":"Waheed","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9714","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2993411","article-title":"Internet of ships: A survey on architectures, emerging applications, and challenges","volume":"7","author":"Aslam","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Bunsen, T., Pierpaolo, C., Marine, G., Leonardo, P., Sacha, S., Renske, S., Jacopo, T., and Jacob, T. 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