{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T20:50:51Z","timestamp":1790455851291,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51804248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51804248"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022GY-115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022GY-115"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GX2114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GX2114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Industrial Research Project of Science and Technology Department of Shaanxi Province","award":["51804248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51804248"]}]},{"name":"Industrial Research Project of Science and Technology Department of Shaanxi Province","award":["2022GY-115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022GY-115"]}]},{"name":"Industrial Research Project of Science and Technology Department of Shaanxi Province","award":["GX2114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GX2114"]}]},{"name":"Applied Technology R&amp;D Project of Beilin District","award":["51804248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51804248"]}]},{"name":"Applied Technology R&amp;D Project of Beilin District","award":["2022GY-115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022GY-115"]}]},{"name":"Applied Technology R&amp;D Project of Beilin District","award":["GX2114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GX2114"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A three-dimensional spatial bubble counting method is proposed to solve the problem of the existing crucible bubble detection only being able to perform two-dimensional statistics. First, spatial video images of the transparent layer of the crucible are acquired by a digital microscope, and a quartz crucible bubble dataset is constructed independently. Secondly, to address the problems of poor real-time and the insufficient small-target detection capability of existing methods for quartz crucible bubble detection, rich detailed feature information is retained by reducing the depth of down-sampling in the YOLOv5 network structure. In the neck, the dilated convolution algorithm is used to increase the feature map perceptual field to achieve the extraction of global semantic features; in front of the detection layer, an effective channel attention network (ECA-Net) mechanism is added to improve the capability of expressing significant channel characteristics. Furthermore, a tracking algorithm based on Kalman filtering and Hungarian matching is presented for bubble counting in crucible space. The experimental results demonstrate that the detector algorithm presented in this paper can effectively reduce the missed detection rate of tiny bubbles and increase the average detection precision from 96.27% to 98.76% while reducing weight by half and reaching a speed of 82 FPS. The excellent detector performance improves the tracker\u2019s accuracy significantly, allowing for real-time and high-precision counting of bubbles in quartz crucibles. It is an effective method for detecting crucible spatial bubbles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T23:48:58Z","timestamp":1661384938000},"page":"6356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["An Improved Crucible Spatial Bubble Detection Based on YOLOv5 Fusion Target Tracking"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyue","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Dishan Vision Technology Limited Company, Xi\u2019an 712044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrysgro.2020.125710","article-title":"Effect on OH content in the quartz crucible on the growth and quality of CsI single crystals and remedies","volume":"544","author":"Patra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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