{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T04:21:35Z","timestamp":1769746895999,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51907017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51907017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZD2019304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZD2019304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F2020501040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F2020501040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N2123012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N2123012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Science and Technology Research Projects of Higher Education Institutions in Hebei Province of China","award":["51907017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51907017"]}]},{"name":"Key Science and Technology Research Projects of Higher Education Institutions in Hebei Province of China","award":["ZD2019304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZD2019304"]}]},{"name":"Key Science and Technology Research Projects of Higher Education Institutions in Hebei Province of China","award":["F2020501040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F2020501040"]}]},{"name":"Key Science and Technology Research Projects of Higher Education Institutions in Hebei Province of China","award":["N2123012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N2123012"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Natural Science Foundation","award":["51907017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51907017"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Natural Science Foundation","award":["ZD2019304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZD2019304"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Natural Science Foundation","award":["F2020501040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F2020501040"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Natural Science Foundation","award":["N2123012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N2123012"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51907017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51907017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZD2019304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZD2019304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F2020501040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F2020501040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N2123012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N2123012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A simulated design for a temperature-compensated voltage sensor based on photonic crystal fiber (PCF) infiltrated with liquid crystal and ethanol is presented in this paper. The holes distributed across the transverse section of the PCF provide two channels for mode coupling between the liquid crystal or ethanol and the fiber core. The couplings are both calculated accurately and explored theoretically using the finite element method (FEM). The influence of voltage on the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules and confinement loss of the fiber mode are studied. Liquid crystal molecules rotate which changes its properties as the voltage changes. As the characteristics of the liquid crystal will be affected by temperature, therefore, we further fill using ethanol, which is merely sensitive to temperature, into one hole of the PCF to realize temperature compensation. The simulated results show that the sensitivity is up to 1.29977 nm\/V with the temperature of 25 \u00b0C when the voltage ranges from 365 to 565 V. The standard deviation of the wavelength difference is less than 2 nm within the temperature adjustment from 25 to 50 \u00b0C for temperature compensation. The impacts of the construction parameters of the PCF on sensing performances of this voltage sensor are also analyzed in this paper.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T23:48:58Z","timestamp":1661384938000},"page":"6374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Simulation of a Temperature-Compensated Voltage Sensor Based on Photonic Crystal Fiber Infiltrated with Liquid Crystal and Ethanol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1161-5153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Lin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"},{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}]},{"given":"Zhao-Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronic Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2901-7434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9797-4036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong-Qing","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19951306","article-title":"Full 2-D photonic bandgaps in silica\/air structures","volume":"31","author":"Birks","year":"1995","journal-title":"Electron. 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