{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T23:49:06Z","timestamp":1773445746835,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish State Research Agency","award":["PID2019-111262RB-I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-111262RB-I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Spanish State Research Agency","award":["0011-1411-2022-000039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0011-1411-2022-000039"]}]},{"name":"Spanish State Research Agency","award":["774094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["774094"]}]},{"name":"Government of Navarra under Research Project","award":["PID2019-111262RB-I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-111262RB-I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Government of Navarra under Research Project","award":["0011-1411-2022-000039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0011-1411-2022-000039"]}]},{"name":"Government of Navarra under Research Project","award":["774094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["774094"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (Stardust-Holistic and Integrated Urban Model for Smart Cities)","award":["PID2019-111262RB-I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-111262RB-I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (Stardust-Holistic and Integrated Urban Model for Smart Cities)","award":["0011-1411-2022-000039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0011-1411-2022-000039"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (Stardust-Holistic and Integrated Urban Model for Smart Cities)","award":["774094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["774094"]}]},{"name":"Autonomous University of Tamaulipas (M\u00e9xico)","award":["PID2019-111262RB-I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-111262RB-I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Autonomous University of Tamaulipas (M\u00e9xico)","award":["0011-1411-2022-000039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0011-1411-2022-000039"]}]},{"name":"Autonomous University of Tamaulipas (M\u00e9xico)","award":["774094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["774094"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the last few years, the growing demand for electric vehicles (EVs) in the transportation sector has contributed to the increased use of electric rechargeable batteries. At present, lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are the most commonly used in electric vehicles. Although once their storage capacity has dropped to below 80\u201370% it is no longer possible to use these batteries in EVs, it is feasible to use them in second-life applications as stationary energy storage systems. The purpose of this study is to present an embedded system that allows a Nissan\u00ae LEAF Li-ion battery to communicate with an Ingecon\u00ae Sun Storage 1Play inverter, for control and monitoring purposes. The prototype was developed using an Arduino\u00ae microcontroller and a graphical user interface (GUI) on LabVIEW\u00ae. The experimental tests have allowed us to determine the feasibility of using Li-ion battery packs (BPs) coming from the automotive sector with an inverter with no need for a prior disassembly and rebuilding process. Furthermore, this research presents a programming and hardware methodology for the development of the embedded systems focused on second-life electric vehicle Li-ion batteries. One second-life battery pack coming from a Nissan\u00ae Leaf and aged under real driving conditions was integrated into a residential microgrid serving as an energy storage system (ESS).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T23:48:58Z","timestamp":1661384938000},"page":"6376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Design and On-Field Validation of an Embedded System for Monitoring Second-Life Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Diego Hilario","family":"Castillo-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computational Sciences and Technologies, Computational Systems Academy, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas (UAT), Reynosa Rodhe Multidisciplinary Academic Unit, Reynosa-San Fernando Highway, Reynosa 88779, Tamaulipas, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0894-4351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adolfo Josu\u00e9","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computational Sciences and Technologies, Computational Systems Academy, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas (UAT), Reynosa Rodhe Multidisciplinary Academic Unit, Reynosa-San Fernando Highway, Reynosa 88779, Tamaulipas, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2269-3755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Smart Cities (ISC), Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6400-7293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Berrueta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Smart Cities (ISC), Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4426-5214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Tom\u00e1s","family":"Vargas-Requena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computational Sciences and Technologies, Computational Systems Academy, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas (UAT), Reynosa Rodhe Multidisciplinary Academic Unit, Reynosa-San Fernando Highway, Reynosa 88779, Tamaulipas, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2229-6178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio R.","family":"Matias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Smart Cities (ISC), Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1201-4827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Sanchis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Smart Cities (ISC), Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6240-8659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Urs\u00faa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Smart Cities (ISC), Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3239-3112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenceslao Eduardo","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computational Sciences and Technologies, Computational Systems Academy, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas (UAT), Reynosa Rodhe Multidisciplinary Academic Unit, Reynosa-San Fernando Highway, Reynosa 88779, Tamaulipas, Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/2190-4715-24-14","article-title":"Electric cars: Technical characteristics and environmental impacts","volume":"24","author":"Helmers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. 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