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In recent years, many types of wireless sensor systems have been developed for rail defect detection. However, there has been a lack of comprehensive reviews on the working principles, functions, and trade-offs of these wireless sensor systems. Therefore, we provide in this paper a systematic review of recent studies on wireless sensor-based rail defect detection systems from three different perspectives: sensing principles, wireless networks, and power supply. We analyzed and compared six sensing methods to discuss their detection accuracy, detectable types of defects, and their detection efficiency. For wireless networks, we analyzed and compared their application scenarios, the advantages and disadvantages of different network topologies, and the capabilities of different transmission media. From the perspective of power supply, we analyzed and compared different power supply modules in terms of installation and energy harvesting methods, and the amount of energy they can supply. Finally, we offered three suggestions that may inspire the future development of wireless sensor-based rail defect detection systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T01:37:55Z","timestamp":1661823475000},"page":"6409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["A Review on Rail Defect Detection Systems Based on Wireless Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yuliang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1047-5427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3323-7322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaopeng","family":"Sha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}]},{"given":"Lianjiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}]},{"given":"Zhikun","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066104, China"}]},{"given":"Wen Jung","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-2695.2003.00708.x","article-title":"The Current Status of Theory and Practice on Rail Integrity in Japanese Railways-Rolling Contact Fatigue and Corrugations","volume":"26","author":"Ishida","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fatigue Fract. 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