{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T03:17:23Z","timestamp":1771125443509,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Participating States"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Precipitation is among the most important meteorological variables for, e.g., meteorological, hydrological, water management and climate studies. In recent years, non-catching precipitation gauges are increasingly adopted in meteorological networks. Despite such growing diffusion, calibration procedures and associated uncertainty budget are not yet standardized or prescribed in best practice documents and standards. This paper reports a metrological study aimed at proposing calibration procedures and completing the uncertainty budgets, to make non-catching precipitation gauge measurements traceable to primary standards. The study is based on the preliminary characterization of different rain drop generators, specifically developed for the investigation. Characterization of different models of non-catching rain gauges is also included.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T01:37:55Z","timestamp":1661823475000},"page":"6413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Calibration Uncertainty of Non-Catching Precipitation Gauges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7591-5609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quentin","family":"Baire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Standards, FPS Economy, 16 Boulevard du Roi Albert II, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5193-0238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miruna","family":"Dobre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Standards, FPS Economy, 16 Boulevard du Roi Albert II, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne-Sophie","family":"Piette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Standards, FPS Economy, 16 Boulevard du Roi Albert II, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5874-0357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Lanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genova, 16145 Genova, Italy"},{"name":"WMO Lead Centre \u201cB. 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Castelli\u201d on Precipitation Intensity, 16145 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3651-4586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Merlone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Thermodynamics Program, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, 10135 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Kjeldsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Energy & Climate, Danish Technological Institute, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Energy & Climate, Danish Technological Institute, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7211-7190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter Friis","family":"\u00d8stergaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Energy & Climate, Danish Technological Institute, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Parrondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Espa\u00f1ol de Metrolog\u00eda, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Garcia Izquierdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Espa\u00f1ol de Metrolog\u00eda, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ILAC, IUPAC, IUPAP, ISO, and OIML (2012). 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