{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T12:19:14Z","timestamp":1766578754054,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"project R&amp;D ANEEL","award":["07427-0319\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["07427-0319\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Internet of Things (IoT) device scenario has several emerging technologies. Among them, Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs) have proven to be efficient connections for smart devices. These devices communicate through gateways that exchange points with the central server. This study proposes an empirical and statistical methodology based on measurements carried out in a typical scenario of Amazonian cities composed of forests and buildings on the Campus of the Federal University of Par\u00e1 (UFPA) to apply an adjustment to the coefficients in the UFPA propagation model. Furthermore, an Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization (EPSO) metaheuristic with multi-objective optimization was applied to maximize the coverage area and minimize the number of gateways to assist in the planning of a LoRa network. The results of simulations using the Monte Carlo method show that the EPSO-based gateway placement optimization methodology can be used to plan future LPWAN networks. As reception sensitivity is a decisive factor in the coverage area, with \u2212108 dBm, the optimal solution determined the use of three gateways to cover the smart campus area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T01:37:55Z","timestamp":1661823475000},"page":"6492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Methodology for LoRa Gateway Placement Based on Bio-Inspired Algorithmsfor a Smart Campus in Wooded Area"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9033-6410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo A. O.","family":"Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering P\u00f3s-Graduate Department, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3151-9986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sidnir C. B.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering P\u00f3s-Graduate Department, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3514-0401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmine P. L.","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering P\u00f3s-Graduate Department, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Fabr\u00edcio J. B.","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering P\u00f3s-Graduate Department, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Fabr\u00edcio S.","family":"Farias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Systems Department, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Camet\u00e1 68400-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8551-2261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mi\u00e9rcio C. A.","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering P\u00f3s-Graduate Department, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Maria E. L.","family":"Tostes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering P\u00f3s-Graduate Department, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9ia A.","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Program, Norte Energia S.A, Bras\u00edlia 70714-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Gerv\u00e1sio P. S.","family":"Cavalcante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering P\u00f3s-Graduate Department, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081834","article-title":"A comprehensive system for monitoring urban accessibility in smart cities","volume":"17","author":"Mora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1109\/TLA.2019.8891880","article-title":"Online Monitoring of Buses Information Using KNN, ATR and DMC Algorithms","volume":"17","author":"Sa","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Lat. Am. 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