{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T05:53:56Z","timestamp":1775886836147,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001409","name":"UK-India Education and Research Initiative (UKIERI)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DST\/INT\/UK\/P-145\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DST\/INT\/UK\/P-145\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi","award":["DST\/INT\/UK\/P-145\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DST\/INT\/UK\/P-145\/2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Existing approaches for automated tracking of fascicle length (FL) and pennation angle (PA) rely on the presence of a single, user-defined fascicle (feature tracking) or on the presence of a specific intensity pattern (feature detection) across all the recorded ultrasound images. These prerequisites are seldom met during large dynamic muscle movements or for deeper muscles that are difficult to image. Deep-learning approaches are not affected by these issues, but their applicability is restricted by their need for large, manually analyzed training data sets. To address these limitations, the present study proposes a novel approach that tracks changes in FL and PA based on the distortion pattern within the fascicle band. The results indicated a satisfactory level of agreement between manual and automated measurements made with the proposed method. When compared against feature tracking and feature detection methods, the proposed method achieved the lowest average root mean squared error for FL and the second lowest for PA. The strength of the proposed approach is that the quantification process does not require a training data set and it can take place even when it is not possible to track a single fascicle or observe a specific intensity pattern on the ultrasound recording.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T01:37:55Z","timestamp":1661823475000},"page":"6498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Automated Method for Tracking Human Muscle Architecture on Ultrasound Scans during Dynamic Tasks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Saru Meena","family":"Ramu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Chatzistergos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7072-1271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nachiappan","family":"Chockalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4985-0335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adamantios","family":"Arampatzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Constantinos","family":"Maganaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.603be.x","article-title":"In vivo measurements of the triceps surae complex architecture in man: Implications for muscle function","volume":"512","author":"Maganaris","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. 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