{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T19:19:00Z","timestamp":1774898340446,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"ICUB","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-17-CE22-0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-17-CE22-0011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Specular highlights detection and removal in images is a fundamental yet non-trivial problem of interest. Most modern techniques proposed are inadequate at dealing with real-world images taken under uncontrolled conditions with the presence of complex textures, multiple objects, and bright colours, resulting in reduced accuracy and false positives. To detect specular pixels in a wide variety of real-world images independent of the number, colour, or type of illuminating source, we propose an efficient Specular Segmentation (SpecSeg) network based on the U-net architecture that is expeditious to train on nominal-sized datasets. The proposed network can detect pixels strongly affected by specular highlights with a high degree of precision, as shown by comparison with the state-of-the-art methods. The technique proposed is trained on publicly available datasets and tested using a large selection of real-world images with highly encouraging results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T00:13:56Z","timestamp":1661904836000},"page":"6552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["SpecSeg Network for Specular Highlight Detection and Segmentation in Real-World Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5412-3263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atif","family":"Anwer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Informatique, du Traitement de l\u2019Information et des Syst\u00e8mes (LITIS), Normandie Universit\u00e9, UNIROUEN, UNIHAVRE, INSA Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France"},{"name":"Centre for Intelligent Signal& Imaging Research (CISIR), Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2699-4002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samia","family":"Ainouz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Informatique, du Traitement de l\u2019Information et des Syst\u00e8mes (LITIS), Normandie Universit\u00e9, UNIROUEN, UNIHAVRE, INSA Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9770-4826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad Naufal Mohamad","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Intelligent Signal& Imaging Research (CISIR), Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5615-4629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Saad Azhar","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8656-9913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrice","family":"Meriaudeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ImViA, Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne-Franche-Comt\u00e9, 71200 Le Creusot, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00137441","article-title":"A Physical Approach to Color Image Understanding","volume":"4","author":"Klinker","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. 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