{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:05:41Z","timestamp":1760231141783,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PRIN 2017, \u201cStone pavements. History, conservation, valorisation and design\u201d","award":["20174JW7ZL","RM120172B05C0B39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20174JW7ZL","RM120172B05C0B39"]}]},{"name":"\u201cUrban pavement monitoring system using car and bike\/scooter sharing vehicles\u201d financed by the Sapienza, University of Rome","award":["20174JW7ZL","RM120172B05C0B39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20174JW7ZL","RM120172B05C0B39"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stone pavements are present in many cities and their historical and cultural importance is well recognized. However, there are no standard monitoring methods for this type of pavement that allow road managers to define appropriate maintenance strategies. In this study, a novel method is proposed in order to monitor the road surface conditions of stone pavements in a quick and easy way. Field tests were carried out in an Italian historic center using accelerometer sensors mounted on both a car and a bicycle. A post-processing phase of that data defined the comfort perception of the road users in terms of the awz index, as described in the ISO 2631 standard. The results derived from the dynamic surveys were also compared with the corresponding values of typical pavement indicators such as the International Roughness Index (IRI) and the Pavement Condition Index (PCI), measured only on a limited portion of the urban road network. The network\u2019s implementation in a Geographic Information System (GIS) represents the surveys\u2019 results in a graphical database. The specifications of the adopted method require that the network is divided into homogeneous sections, useful for measurement campaign planning, and adopted for the GIS\u2019 outputs representation. The comparisons between IRI-awz (R2 = 0.74) and PCI-awz (R2 = 0.96) confirmed that the proposed method can be used reliably to assess the stone pavement conditions on the whole urban road network.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T03:55:38Z","timestamp":1662004538000},"page":"6560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Development of a GIS-Based Methodology for the Management of Stone Pavements Using Low-Cost Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7665-8210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Bruno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Constructional and Environmental Engineering, Sapienza University, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3138-1067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Vita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Constructional and Environmental Engineering, Sapienza University, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1003-8849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Loprencipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Constructional and Environmental Engineering, Sapienza University, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119722","article-title":"Criteria for the Selection and Design of Joints for Street Pavements in Natural Stone","volume":"259","author":"Autelitano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103477","article-title":"Automatic Detection of Stone Pavement\u2019s Pattern Based on UAV Photogrammetry","volume":"122","author":"Garilli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garilli, E., Autelitano, F., Freddi, F., and Giuliani, F. (2021). Urban Pedestrian Stone Pavements: Measuring Functional and Safety Requirements. Int. J. Pavement Eng., 1\u201312.","key":"ref_3","DOI":"10.1080\/10298436.2021.1975195"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1080\/15583058.2018.1470269","article-title":"Stone Pavement Materials and Construction Methods in Europe and North America between the 19th and 20th Century","volume":"13","author":"Garilli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Archit. Herit."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moretti, L., Cantisani, G., Carpiceci, M., D\u2019Andrea, A., Del Serrone, G., Di Mascio, P., and Loprencipe, G. (2021). Effect of Sampietrini Pavers on Urban Heat Islands. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","key":"ref_5","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413108"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moretti, L., Cantisani, G., Carpiceci, M., D\u2019Andrea, A., Del Serrone, G., Di Mascio, P., Peluso, P., and Loprencipe, G. (2022). Investigation of Parking Lot Pavements to Counteract Urban Heat Islands. Sustainability, 14.","key":"ref_6","DOI":"10.3390\/su14127273"},{"unstructured":"Cuculi\u0107, M., Babi\u0107, S., Aleksandra, D., and \u0160urdonja, S. (2012, January 1). Pavement Surfaces in Urban Areas. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastracuture, Dubrovnik, Croatia.","key":"ref_7"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2012.01.022","article-title":"Using Cool Paving Materials to Improve Microclimate of Urban Areas\u2014Design Realization and Results of the Flisvos Project","volume":"53","author":"Santamouris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.10.018","article-title":"Noise Abatement and Traffic Safety: The Trade-off of Quieter Engines and Pavements on Vehicle Detection","volume":"51","author":"Freitas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"unstructured":"Crispino, M., Da Rios, G., Fiori, F., and Papetti, M. (2004, January 27\u201329). A New Technique to Increase the Safety of Stone Pavements through Controller Evolution of Unevenness. Proceedings of the II International Congress SIIV\u2014New Technologies and Modelling Tools for Roads Applications to Design and Management, Florence, Italy.","key":"ref_10"},{"unstructured":"Sandberg, U., and Bendtsen, H. (2007). Possibilities to Reduce Tyre\/Road Noise Emission on Paving Stones and Other Block Surfaces, European Commission DG Research.","key":"ref_11"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gardziejczyk, W., Gierasimiuk, P., and Motylewicz, M. (2016). Noisiness of the Surfaces on Low-Speed Roads. Coatings, 6.","key":"ref_12","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings6020015"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cantisani, G., Fascinelli, G., and Loprencipe, G. (2012, January 14). Urban Road Noise: The Contribution of Pavement Discontinuities. Proceedings of the ICSDEC 2012, Fort Worth, Texas, USA.","key":"ref_13","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784412688.039"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"e00251","article-title":"Implementation of a Pavement Management System for Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Airport Surfaces","volume":"11","author":"Moretti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1080\/10298436.2015.1065992","article-title":"A Risk-Based Optimisation Methodology for Pavement Management System of County Roads","volume":"17","author":"Saha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pavement Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"11","article-title":"Dynamic Decision Model for a Pavement Management System","volume":"997","author":"Kulkarni","year":"1984","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-013-0142-2","article-title":"Criteria for the Development and Improvement of PMS Models","volume":"17","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"KSCE J. Civ. Eng."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loprencipe, G., Pantuso, A., and Di Mascio, P. (2017). Sustainable Pavement Management System in Urban Areas Considering the Vehicle Operating Costs. Sustainability, 9.","key":"ref_18","DOI":"10.3390\/su9030453"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"100100","article-title":"Evaluation of Pavement Condition Index by Different Methods: Case Study of Maring\u00e1, Brazil","volume":"4","author":"Pinatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3141\/2612-01","article-title":"Travel Quality Assessment of Urban Roads Based on International Roughness Index: Case Study in Colombia","volume":"2612","author":"Abudinen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s40534-017-0122-1","article-title":"Use of Generated Artificial Road Profiles in Road Roughness Evaluation","volume":"25","author":"Loprencipe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mod. Transp."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonin, G., Nicola, F., Loprencipe, G., Oliviero, C., Sergio, P., and Teltayev, B. (2017). Development of a Road Asset Management System in Kazakhstan. Transport Infrastructure and Systems, CRC Press.","key":"ref_22","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315281896-70"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3141\/1680-04","article-title":"Pavement Preventive Maintenance: Key to Quality Highways","volume":"1680","author":"Zaniewski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, A.S., Abdel-Wahed, T.A., and Othman, A.M. (2019, January 2). Investigating the Effect of Corrective Maintenance on the Pavement Life Cycle and the Optimal Maintenance Strategies. Proceedings of the CICTP 2019, Nanjing, China.","key":"ref_24","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784482292.073"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Improving Maintenance Practice for Road Network in Sudan","volume":"2","author":"Zumrawi","year":"2017","journal-title":"MOJ Civ. Eng."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zoccali, P., Loprencipe, G., and Galoni, A. (2017). Sampietrini Stone Pavements: Distress Analysis Using Pavement Condition Index Method. Appl. Sci., 7.","key":"ref_26","DOI":"10.3390\/app7070669"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/03611981211035751","article-title":"Stone Pavement Analysis Using Building Information Modeling","volume":"2676","author":"Oreto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3141\/1806-15","article-title":"Correlation Between Longitudinal Roughness and User Perception in Urban Areas","volume":"1806","author":"Ballerini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/s40430-018-1057-0","article-title":"Influence of Pavement Type and Speed on Whole Body Vibration (WBV) Levels Measured on Passenger Vehicles","volume":"40","author":"Duarte","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng."},{"unstructured":"(1997). Mechanical Vibration and Shock\u2014Evaluation of Human Exposure to Whole-Body Vibration\u2014Part 1: General Requirements (Standard No. ISO2631-1).","key":"ref_30"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000143","article-title":"Road Roughness and Whole Body Vibration: Evaluation Tools and Comfort Limits","volume":"136","author":"Cantisani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3141\/2457-04","article-title":"Measurement of Pavement Roughness Using Android-Based Smartphone Application","volume":"2457","author":"Islam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1080\/10298436.2020.1765243","article-title":"Applicability of Smartphone-Based Roughness Data for Rural Road Pavement Condition Evaluation","volume":"23","author":"Sandamal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pavement Eng."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mednis, A., Strazdins, G., Zviedris, R., Kanonirs, G., and Selavo, L. (2011, January 27\u201329). Real Time Pothole Detection Using Android Smartphones with Accelerometers. Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems and Workshops (DCOSS), Barcelona, Spain.","key":"ref_34","DOI":"10.1109\/DCOSS.2011.5982206"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3141\/2639-16","article-title":"Estimation of Pavement Serviceability Index through Android-Based Smartphone Application for Local Roads","volume":"2639","author":"Aleadelat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3141\/1652-53","article-title":"Geographic Information Systems-Based Pavement Management System: A Case Study","volume":"1652","author":"Medina","year":"1999","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"398","article-title":"Measuring and Evaluating of Road Roughness Conditions with a Compact Road Profiler and ArcGIS","volume":"3","author":"Abulizi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Traffic Transp. Eng. Engl. Ed."},{"unstructured":"(2022, April 21). StreetSaver\u00ae|Metropolitan Transportation Commission, Available online: https:\/\/mtc.ca.gov\/tools-resources\/technical-assistance\/streetsaverr.","key":"ref_38"},{"unstructured":"(2021). Standard Practice for Roads and Parking Lots Pavement Condition Index Surveys (Standard No. ASTM D6433-20).","key":"ref_39"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04019036","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000512","article-title":"Data Analytics in Asset Management: Cost-Effective Prediction of the Pavement Condition Index","volume":"26","author":"Piryonesi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infrastruct. Syst."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1080\/10298436.2020.1714044","article-title":"A Model for Predicting the Deterioration of the Pavement Condition Index","volume":"22","author":"Sidess","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pavement Eng."},{"unstructured":"Huang, B., Fwa, T., Chan, W.T., and Liu, S. (2022, January 19\u201324). Implementation of GIS\/GPS-Based Airport Pavement Management System\u2014A Case Study. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Managing Pavements, Queensland, Australia.","key":"ref_42"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-947X(2004)130:5(555)","article-title":"ARO: Geographic Information Systems-Based System for Optimizing Airport Runway Orientation","volume":"130","author":"Jia","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.01.308","article-title":"Application of GIS\/GPS in Shanghai Airport Pavement Management System","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198106197400104","article-title":"Enhancement of Arizona Pavement Management System for Construction and Maintenance Activities","volume":"1974","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40327-017-0046-1","article-title":"GIS-Based Visualization of Integrated Highway Maintenance and Construction Planning: A Case Study of Fort Worth, Texas","volume":"5","author":"Khwaja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vis. Eng."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"123","article-title":"Maintenance Planning Methodology for Statewide Pavement Management","volume":"1455","author":"George","year":"1994","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"297","article-title":"Application of GIS Technology in Pavement Management Systems","volume":"71","author":"Zagvozda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Croat. Assoc. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1680\/muen.2004.157.3.157","article-title":"Pavement Management System for Lisbon","volume":"157","author":"Ferreira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Munic. Eng."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"2639","article-title":"A Gis-Enhanced Pavement Management System: A Case Study in Iraq","volume":"15","author":"Abdalkadhum","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eng. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"12","article-title":"The Role of GIS in Enhancing the Pavement Management System","volume":"2","author":"Ahmad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. Struct. Mater. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"243","article-title":"A Study on Driving Performance Along Horizontal Curves of Rural Roads","volume":"7","author":"Calvi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transp. Saf. Secur."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.2514\/1.G000537","article-title":"Modeling the Dispersion of Aircraft Trajectories Using Gaussian Processes","volume":"39","author":"Eerland","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Guid. Control Dyn."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, P., Wu, B., and Rong, D. (2015, January 25). A Quantitative Method of Urban Road Hierarchy. Proceedings of the ICTE 2015, Dailan, China.","key":"ref_54","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784479384.346"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9970464","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9970464","article-title":"A Data-Driven Functional Classification of Urban Roadways Based on Geometric Design, Traffic Characteristics, and Land Use Features","volume":"2022","author":"Mehdian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adv. Transp."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1446","article-title":"The Road Pavement Condition Index (PCI) Evaluation and Maintenance: A Case Study of Yemen","volume":"8","author":"Karim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Organ. Technol. Manag. Constr. Int. J."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loprencipe, G., de Almeida Filho, F.G.V., de Oliveira, R.H., and Bruno, S. (2021). Validation of a Low-Cost Pavement Monitoring Inertial-Based System for Urban Road Networks. Sensors, 21.","key":"ref_57","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202104.0014.v1"},{"unstructured":"(2022, August 04). Welcome to the QGIS Project!. Available online: https:\/\/www.qgis.org\/en\/site\/.","key":"ref_58"},{"unstructured":"(2022, February 24). QField\u2014Efficient Field Work Built for QGIS. Available online: https:\/\/qfield.org\/.","key":"ref_59"},{"unstructured":"Sayers, M.W., Gillespie, T.D., and Paterson, W.D.O. (1986). Guidelines for Conducting and Calibrating Road Roughness Measurements, World Bank. World Bank Technical Paper.","key":"ref_60"},{"unstructured":"(2021). Standard Practice for Computing International Roughness Index of Roads from Longitudinal Profile Measurements (Standard No. ASTM E1926:08).","key":"ref_61"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04019013","DOI":"10.1061\/JPEODX.0000113","article-title":"Determination of IRI Limits and Thresholds for Flexible Pavements","volume":"145","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng. Part B Pavements"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04020001","DOI":"10.1061\/JPEODX.0000144","article-title":"IRI Threshold Values Based on Riding Comfort","volume":"146","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng. Part B Pavements"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5192","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2719865","article-title":"Vehicle Vibration Signal Processing for Road Surface Monitoring","volume":"17","author":"Harikrishnan","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"unstructured":"Foundation, R.P. (2022, August 19). Teach, Learn, and Make with the Raspberry Pi Foundation. Available online: https:\/\/www.raspberrypi.org\/.","key":"ref_65"},{"unstructured":"(2019). MPU-9250 Product Specification Revision 1.1, InvenSense.","key":"ref_66"},{"unstructured":"(2022, August 19). Home|U-Blox. Available online: https:\/\/www.u-blox.com\/en.","key":"ref_67"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loprencipe, G., Zoccali, P., and Cantisani, G. (2019). Effects of Vehicular Speed on the Assessment of Pavement Road Roughness. Appl. Sci., 9.","key":"ref_68","DOI":"10.3390\/app9091783"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1080\/10298436.2016.1224413","article-title":"Investigation of Ride Comfort Limits on Urban Asphalt Concrete Pavements","volume":"19","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pavement Eng."},{"unstructured":"(2022, August 19). Benvenuto! Geoportale Regione Lazio It. Available online: https:\/\/geoportale.regione.lazio.it\/.","key":"ref_70"},{"unstructured":"(2022, August 04). Discover Street View and Contribute Your Own Imagery to Google Maps. Available online: https:\/\/www.google.com\/streetview\/.","key":"ref_71"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1109\/TRA.2002.807557","article-title":"Autonomous Vehicle Positioning with GPS in Urban Canyon Environments","volume":"19","author":"Cui","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot. Autom."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-4296.1999.tb02404.x","article-title":"Urban canyon vehicle navigation with integrated GPS\/Glonass\/DR systems","volume":"46","author":"Tsakiri","year":"1999","journal-title":"Navig. J. Inst. Navig."},{"unstructured":"Vicek, C., McLain, P., and Murphy, M. (1993, January 12\u201315). GPS\/Dead Reckoning for Vehicle Tracking in the \u201cUrban Canyon\u201d Environment. Proceedings of the VNIS \u201993\u2014Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference, Ottawa, ON, Canada.","key":"ref_74"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.04.275","article-title":"Evaluating the Cycling Comfort on Urban Roads Based on Cyclists\u2019 Perception of Vibration","volume":"192","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.4103\/jpcs.jpcs_18_20","article-title":"F-Test of Overall Significance in Regression Analysis Simplified","volume":"6","author":"Sureiman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pract. Cardiovasc. Sci."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/17\/6560\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:20:48Z","timestamp":1760142048000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/17\/6560"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s22176560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22176560","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]}}}